EMDE structural policies
EMDE policy makers’ top near-term priority will
continue to be pandemic control and, once the
immediate crisis abates, boosting preparedness for
future health emergencies. Policy action will also
be needed to mitigate the pandemic’s distribu-
tional consequences and, critically, the damage it
has caused to potential growth (figure 1.23.A; box
3.1; World Bank 2020n). Some of the most
pressing policy goals include safeguarding health
and education, prioritizing investments in digital
and green infrastructure, improving governance,
and enhancing debt transparency.
FIGURE 1.22
Fiscal policy in emerging market and
developing economies
Many emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) have
provided substantial fiscal packages, albeit with wide regional variation.
Fiscal support, combined with output contractions, has sharply raised
EMDE debt levels and service costs, which could eventually weigh on
growth by forcing many countries into premature fiscal tightening. Sizable
fiscal losses due to spending inefficiency further reduce policy space and
growth dividends. Fiscal support for energy measures has mostly targeted
fossil fuels rather than green technologies.
Sources
: Energy Policy Tracker; International Monetary Fund; International Monetary Fund (2020h);
World Bank.
Note
: EMDEs = emerging market and developing economies; LICs = Low-income countries; EAP =
East Asia and Pacific, ECA = Europe and Central Asia, LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean,
MNA = Middle East and North Africa, SAR = South Asia, SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa. Aggregates
calculated using 2019 U.S. dollar GDP at 2010 prices and market exchange rates.
A. Announced fiscal support packages as a share of 2019 nominal GDP, using data from the October
2020 IMF
Fiscal Monitor
. Aggregates calculated using unweighted averages. “Discretionary
measures” includes revenue and expenditure measures; “Equity injections” includes equity injections,
loans, and asset purchases; and “Contingent liabilities” includes loan guarantees and other quasi-
fiscal measures. Sample includes 121 EMDEs.
B.C. Fiscal impulse is defined as the change in the cyclically-adjusted primary balance (CAPB) from
the previous year. A decline in the CAPB (a negative fiscal impulse) indicates fiscal consolidation,
while an increase in the CAPB (positive fiscal impulse) indicates fiscal expansion. Sample includes up
to 27 EMDEs and 34 advanced economies due to data availability. Shaded areas indicate forecasts.
D. Figure shows the unweighted average of debt service on external debt in percentage of current
GDP. “Other EMDEs” indicates EMDEs not included in other categories. Sample includes 87 EMDEs.
E. Data are the percentage deviation from full efficiency that are generated from planning, allocation,
and implementation, as calculated in IMF (2020h). Sample includes 60 EMDEs.
F. Figure shows G20 commitments to types of energy policies as a percentage of total commitments
since the pandemic began. Data as of December 16, 2020.
Click here to download data and charts.
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