11
FIGURE 1.5
Global finance
After tightening early last year, global financial conditions have eased
considerably. Nevertheless, many underlying vulnerabilities have risen.
Credit spreads and debt inflows remain sensitive to investor sentiment.
Although capital flows to most emerging market and developing
economies (EMDEs) have stabilized, they remain soft, and foreign direct
investment inflows have declined substantially. In some EMDEs, large
capital outflows and a collapse of export revenues have led to substantial
currency depreciations.
Sources
: Bloomberg; Goldman Sachs; Haver Analytics; International Institute of Finance;
International Monetary Fund; J.P. Morgan; Moody’s; World Bank.
A. Index rescaled to equal 100 at the start of the corresponding event (t=0): September 9, 2008, for
the global financial crisis (GFC) and January 21, 2020, for COVID-19. An increase (decrease) in the
index indicates a tightening (loosening) of financial conditions, while a value above (below) 100
indicates that financial conditions are tighter (looser) than their average since 2000. Based on
Goldman Sachs Financial Conditions Index (FCI) for 12 advanced economies, the euro area, and 12
emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). Aggregates calculated using U.S. dollar GDP
weights at 2010 prices and market exchange rates. The FCI is a weighted sum of short-term bond
yields, long-term corporate yields, exchange rates, and stock market valuations. Last observation is
December 11, 2020.
B. Portfolio debt inflows are shown as cumulative 12-week flows to nine EMDEs with weekly data
available, excluding China. Emerging Market Bond Index (EMBI) spreads show the difference
between credit spreads for high-yield (HY) and investment grade (IG) borrowers classified based on
Moody’s sovereign credit ratings. The EMBI Index tracks the performance of U.S. dollar-denominated
sovereign bonds issued by EMDEs. Last observation is December 11, 2020.
C. FDI = foreign direct investment. Portfolio flows and FDI are as a percent of GDP and are calculated
using nominal U.S. dollar GDP; GDP data for 2019 are used for 2020. Gross FDI inflows are shown
as four-quarter cumulative sums and are shown as a deviation from the 2016-2019 average (2
percent of GDP). Portfolio flows are calculated as the median for a sample of 19 EMDEs, with shaded
area indicating the 25-75 percentile range. Sample for FDI inflows includes 28 EMDEs, with data
available through 2020Q3.
D. Change in nominal exchange rates since start of 2020. Shaded area indicates 25-75 percentile
range. Sample includes 23 EMDEs with free floating or floating exchange rate regimes: 8 commodity
importers and 15 commodity exporters. Last observation is December 15, 2020.
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