Giorgi baRaTuria

Ключевые слова: бунт, искусство, творческий человек (художник), созидание, смысл существования, реальный мир, идеальный мир, ценность.
Рецензент: профессор Чиаурели Вано Борисович, Грузинский технический университет
Pbadri cxadaZe, eka cxadaZe
arabuli warmomavlobis erTi
xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi terminis (`niRabi~)
qarTuli saxeldeba-SesatyvisisaTvis
saqarTveloSi niRbebis ZirZveli tradicia arsebobs. es tradicia ara mxolod qristianobisdroindelia, aramed winareqristianul-warmarTuli. misi arseboba dasturdeba eTnografiuli da werilobiTi wyaroebiT, arqeologiuri monapovrebiTac.
am mxriv upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT mcxeTa-samTavros arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenili erTi sartyeli mxecis niRbosani monadireebis gamosaxulebiT, rac monadireebis RvTaebadaa miCneuli [1]. aqve unda movixsenioT TrialeTis vercxlis sasmisze gamoxatuli kompoziciac, sadac mxecis Taviani, kudiani da tunikamosili 23 arsebis msvlelobaa asaxuli. es faqtic sakulto scenas, nadirobis RvTaebas ukavSirdeba, romelic SemdgomSi aRorZinebisa da nayofierebis RvTaebad gardaqmnila. metic: rogorc fiqroben, es scena mglis totemis safuZvelzea aRmocenebuli, gamosaxuleba an cxovelisTaviani arsebaa, an adamianis profilisa [2]. zogi mkvlevari am ritualur scenas xeTuri Zeglebis analogiur scenas ukavSirebs _ am RvTaebis kults (gazafxulis RvTaeba) telefinuss svanur `melia-tulefiaSic~ gulvoben [3, 111-112]. sxvagvari gaazrebiT, cxovelis Tavis gamosaxulebis bewviani kudi totemis damaxasaTebeli niSania, Tasis siuJeti ki religiuri ritualis gamosaxulebaa da es rituali telefinusis Tayvaniscemas asaxavs [4, 31-34].
amave kuTxiT Rirssacnobia isic, rom arqeologTa mier 1942 wels urekSi aRmoCenili didi cilindruli minisebri pastis mZivi Seicavs adamianis oTxpira niRbian gamosaxulebas. es mZivebi ki, rogorc fiqroben, msgavsebas poulobs stefanwmindaSi aRmoCenil maskenperlin-Tan[5, 105-110]. daskvna erTia: saqarTveloSi oTxpiri niRabi adamianis gamosaxulebisac gvqonia. agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvlis niRbis modeli Crdilo kavkasiaSicaa aRmoCenili [6, 314], xolo adamianis niRbis oqros modeli (misi fotosuraTi inaxeba xelovnebis muzeumSi) napovnia mcxeTaSi. rac Seexeba Teatralur niRabs, igi 1941 wels aRmoaCines vanSi, misi asaki antikurobis xaniT ganisazRvra. Teatralur niRbad miCneulia SuaimereTSi, TerjolaSi, aRmoCenili maRali xarisxis oqros beWedze minis Tvalze erTi qalisa da ori kacis niRabi. am gamosaxulebebs ax. w. aR. me-4-5 saukuneebiT aTariReben (n. kilaZe).
Zvirfas aRmoCenaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba samTavroSi mopovebuli qamaric, romlis gamoxatuleba or frizadaa dayofili: pirvel frizze nadirobaa gamosaxuli, meoreze nadirobac da sayofacxovrebo scenebi. frizze gamosaxuli pirebi ki stilizebuli da SeniRbulia [7, 189]. arqeologi al. kalandaZe am ormosamarxs Zveli w. aR. me-9-8 ss. aTariRebs, qamris frizul gamoxatulebas ki `meliaB tulefia~-s sakulto scenad miiCnevs (vimowmebT j. ruxaZis naSromidan) eTnografma j. ruxaZem niRbebis Sesaxeb arsebul masalas Zvel wyaroebSic (kerZod, `sibilianSi~) miakvlia, sadac niRbosanTa TamaSi sruladaa mocemuli [7, 188].
1913 wels yofili Tergis samazro muzeumSi (amJamad Crdilo oseTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi q. vladikavkazSi [Zveli saxeldebiT igive Zaujiyau (qarTuli warmoTqmiT Zaugi), sabWouri epoqiT _ orjonikiZe]) inaxeba brinjaosgan damzadebuli adamianis Tavis gamosaxulebiani niRabi, romelic zomiT Zalian pataraa, amitomac misi daniSnuleba imTaviTve adamianis Tavze Camocma ar unda yofiliyo. rogorc fiqroben, am niRabs sul sxva funqcia unda hqonoda _ igi sadResaswaulo dReebSi RvTaebisadmi gankuTvnil samlocveloSi unda CamoekidaT. marTalia, es niRabi amJamindeli Crdilo oseTis teritoriazea napovni, mTiani zonis raionSi _ dvaleTSi, mdinare ardonis saTavesTan, magram es srulebiT ar niSnavs imas, rom niRabi warmoSobiT osuria (rogorc r. CeCiTi fiqrobs [8]) piriqiT, Cveni mosazrebiT igi qarTveluri samyaros kuTvnileba unda yofiliyo, radgan istoriuli dvaleTi Zveli saqarTvelos ganuyreli istoriuli kuTxe da nawili iyo, dvaleTi xom rusTa kavkasiaSi batonobamde saqarTvelos ZirZvel teritorias warmoadgenda (rusebma es mxare administraciulad Crdilo kavkasiel osebs daumorCiles, sxvagvarad, qarTvel ers `CamoaWres~, xolo iqauri dvaluri mosaxleoba avma Jamma, XIX-XX ss-ma osebad aqcia. dRevandeli dvaleTis mkvidrma, osi mosaxleobis Segnebulma nawilma icis, rom igi warmoSobiT qarTvelia, maTi qarTveluroba maTsave garusebul (-ev, -ov rusul daboloebian gvarebSicaaa SemorCenili, gamonaklisia zogierTi gvari: Sdr. gvarsaxeli maxauri. am gvarisani dRes qarTvelicaa, inguSic da osic... dval eTnonimisagan nawarmoebia qarTuli gvarebi: dvaliSvili, dvalaZe, dvali...). Rirssacnobia, rom am niRabs l. semionovi osur kulturas ar akuTvnebs. igi mas VIII-VII ss-iT (Cvens welT aRricxvamde) aTariRebs (amave azrisaa v. vinogradovic). rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, iranuli modgmis os-alanTa winaprebi kavkasiaSi mxolod ori aTaswleulia, rac mkvidroben. saqarTveloSi da saerTod kavkasiaSi sarmatebis anu warmoSobiT alanuri tomebis SemoWra axali welTaRricxvis I aTaswleulSi moxda, rac dadasturebulia arqeologiuri monacemebiT.
ase rom am niRbis osur kulturad miCneva gaWirdeba. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom uZveles droSi osebs niRabi ar hqonodaT. osebSi niRbis arsebobaze araerTgzis migviTiTebs narTebis eposi, saidanac cnaurdeba, rom niRabsa da grims qalebic iyenebdnen, es ki imis utyuari niSania, rom Teatraluri xelovnebis sawyisebi, maT Soris eTnoqoreografiuli xelovneba Zvelad osebSi adreve yofila ganviTarebuli.
1975 wels nastakisis, mcxeTis raionis arqeologiur eqspedicias udidesi mniSvnelobis aRmoCenebi hqonda sof. aRaiansa da gansakuTrebiT naqalaqar Zalisis teritoriaze[9,66. ix. XXX-XXXVII] niRbebis amsaxveli fotoilustraciebi] naqalaqar sarkineSi, TxoTis mTis midamoebSi, rogorc varaudoben, sarkineTis mTis wverze mdgara taZari dionises saxelobisa, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dionises saxelze unda yofiliyo agebuli[10],[11]. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amave teritoriaze aRmoCenilia dionisesa da misi wris RvTaebaTa niRbebic, romlebic Zveli welTaRricxvis IV saukuniT TariRdeba[12,151].
arqeolog karlo kalandaZis cnobiT, Zalisis naqalaqarSi aRmoCenil akldama-samarxSi, romelSic ori micvalebulis ConCxi aRmoCnda niRbebTan erTad, aRmomCens, arqeolog aleqsi boxoCaZes, Tavdapirvelad msaxiobebis samarxad miuCnevia, xolo Semdeg azri Seucvlia... magram faqti aSkaraa: Cvens welTaRricxvamde IV saukuneSic, saqarTveloSi, kerZod, Sida qarTlSi dionises taZaric gvqonia da Teatraluri niRbebic..
amrigad, niRabi, zogadad, da Teatraluri niRabi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi ZirZveli droidan gvqonia, magram ra saxeldebiT? ra erqva mas ZvelqarTulad? sadauria TviT dRevandel saliteraturo qarTul enaSi sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli da Teatralur terminadac qceuli sityva niRabi?
samwuxaroa, rom Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi niRabi an misi Sesatyvisi terminebi naxsenebi araa. amitomacaa, rom igi (Sesabamisad!) ar gvxvdeba i. abulaZisa [13] da z. sarjvelaZis [14] Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi, arc sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis konaSi~ [15], arc niko CubinaSvilis `qarTul leqsikonSi~ [16]. sankt-peterburgSi, XIX s. ruseTis imperiaSi moRvawe cnobil qarTvel leqsikografs daviT CubinaSvils ki igi Tavis `rusul-qarTul leqsikonSi~ Seutania (niRabi//niyabi) da маска-d ganumartavs [17]. amrigad, niRab//niyab araqaruli, kerZod, arabuli warmoSobis sityvaa nikāb. mas araferi aqvs saerTo sakuTriv qarTul-qarTvelur sityva nikapTan. arabuli niRab//niyab arabuladve qalis saxis saburvels niSnavs. Cans, qarTul enaSi misi damkvidreba me-19 saukuneSi unda momxdariyo.
rac Seexeba maska sityvas, rogorc termins, igi dRevandel qarTulSi `niRab~is gverdiT ixmareba da gamoyenebiTi stilistikis TvalsazrisiT, dasawunia, radgan igi erTdroulad rusizmicaa, barbarizmic da vulgarizmic..., igi arasaliteraturo sityvaformaa. `maska~ qarTul enaSi niRbis sinonimia. igi ixmareba indoevropul da uralur-alaTaur enebSic da, rogorc Cans, swored indoevropul enaTa meSveobiTa Semosula da damkvidrebula qarTulSi - TviT sityva `maska~ did siaxloves amJRavnebs masxara//maskarad sityvaformebTan : maskara//_>maskaradi<_masxara. jer kidev akad. k. kekeliZe aRniSnavda: `Cven ar viciT, ra ewodeboda `cxovelTa niRabs~ an `maskarads~ uZveles xanaSi. meSvide saukuneSi, arabTa batonobis damyarebidan, mis aRsaniSnavad sityva `masxara~ unda Semosuliyo... `masxara~ marTlac arabuli sityvaa: mascara , rac niSnavs sicils, dacinvas, gamojavrebas. am arabuli sityvisgan warmomdgara ara marto qarTuli `masxara~, aramed `maskaradis~ _ SeniRbvis, _ saxelwodebac sxvadasxva enaSi. magaliTad, saSuali berZnuli μασκαρãς, axali berZnuli μaσκαρãς, polonuri mazkara, Cexuri maskara, ruminul-serbul-xorvatul-ukrainuli da Turquli mascara [7,157-178]. aRsaniSnavia, rom polonurSi maskas, niRbis aRniSvnis garda, airwinaRis mniSvnelobac SeuZenia [18, 263]. rac Seexeba rusuls, aq igi unda Sesuliyo axalzemogermanulidan Maske, an franguli masque, italiuri maschera- dan. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erT-erT Zvelebur cekvas манимаска ewodeba [18, 577].