Stages of Group and Team Development
Imagine the differences between a collection of five people who have just been brought
together to form a group or team and a group or team that has functioned like a well-oiled
machine for years. Members of a new group or team are unfamiliar with how they
will function together and are tentative in their interactions. In a group or team with
considerable experience, members are familiar with one another’s strengths and
weaknesses and are more secure in their roles in the group. The former group or
team is generally considered to be immature, whereas the latter is considered mature. To
progress from the immature phase to the mature phase, a group or team must go through
certain stages of development, as shown in Figure 13.2.
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The first stage of development is called forming. The members of the group or team
get acquainted and begin to test which interpersonal behaviors are acceptable and which
are unacceptable to the other members. The members are very dependent on others at
this point to provide cues about what is acceptable. The basic ground rules for the
group or team are established, and a tentative group structure may emerge.
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At Reebok,
for example, a merchandising team was created to handle its sportswear business. The
team leader and his members were barely acquainted and had to spend a few weeks get-
ting to know one another.
The second stage of development, often slow to emerge, is storming. During this stage,
there may be a general lack of unity and uneven interaction patterns. At the same time,
some members of the group or team may begin to exert themselves to become recog-
nized as the group leader or at least to play a major role in shaping the group’s agenda.
In Reebok’s team, some members advocated a rapid expansion into the marketplace;
others argued for a slower entry. The first faction won, with disastrous results. Because
of the rush, product quality was poor and deliveries were late. As a result, the team
leader was fired and a new manager placed in charge.
The third stage of development, called norming, usually begins with a burst of activity.
During this stage, each person begins to recognize and accept her or his role and to
understand the roles of others. Members also begin to accept one another and to develop
a sense of unity. There may also be temporary regressions to the previous stage. For
example, the group or team might begin to accept one particular member as the leader.
If this person later violates important norms or otherwise jeopardizes his or her claim to
leadership, conflict might reemerge as the group rejects this leader and searches for
another. Reebok’s new leader transferred several people away from the team and set up
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