Causes and Consequences of Stress
Stress is obviously not a simple phenomenon. As listed in Figure 9.5, several different
things can cause stress. Note that this list includes only work-related conditions. We
should keep in mind that stress can also be the result of personal circumstances.
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Causes of Stress
Work-related stressors fall into one of four categories—task,
physical, role, and interpersonal demands. Task demands are associated with the task
itself. Some occupations are inherently more stressful than others. Having to make fast
decisions, decisions with less than complete information, or decisions that have relatively
serious consequences are some of the things that can make some jobs stressful. The jobs
of surgeon, airline pilot, and stockbroker are relatively more stressful than the jobs of
general practitioner, baggage handler, and office receptionist. Although a general practi-
tioner makes important decisions, he is also likely to have time to make a considered
diagnosis and fully explore a number of different treatments. But, during surgery, the
surgeon must make decisions quickly while realizing that the wrong one may endanger
her patient’s life.
Physical demands are stressors associated with the job setting. Working outdoors in
extremely hot or cold temperatures, or even in an improperly heated or cooled office,
can lead to stress. Likewise, jobs that have rotating work shifts make it difficult for
people to have stable sleep patterns. A poorly designed office, which makes it difficult
for people to have privacy or promotes too little social interaction, can result in stress,
as can poor lighting and inadequate work surfaces. Even more severe are actual threats
to health. Examples include jobs such as coal mining, poultry processing, and toxic waste
handling. Similarly, some jobs carry risks associated with higher incident rates of
violence, for example, law enforcement officers, or those at risk of armed robberies,
such as taxi drivers, and convenience store clerks.
Role demands can also cause stress. (Roles are discussed more fully in Chapter 13.)
A role is a set of expected behaviors associated with a position in a group or organiza-
tion. Stress can result from either role conflict or role ambiguity that people can experi-
ence in groups. For example, an employee who is feeling pressure from her boss to work
longer hours or to travel more, while also being asked by her family for more time at
home, will almost certainly experience stress as a result of role conflict.
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Similarly, a
new employee experiencing role ambiguity because of poor orientation and training
practices by the organization will also suffer from stress. Excessive meetings and mobile
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