Effective communication
, then, is the process of sending a message
in such a way that the message received is as close in meaning as possible to the mes-
sage intended. Although the second manager engaged in communication, it was not
effective.
A key element in effective communication is differentiating between data and informa-
tion.
Data
are raw figures and facts reflecting a single aspect of reality. The facts that a
plant has 35 machines, that each machine is capable of producing 1,000 units of output per
day, that current and projected future demand for the units is 30,000 per day, and that
workers sufficiently skilled to run the machines make $20 an hour are data.
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