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Effective leaders also take control of information flow—which means managing
it, not reducing the flow until it’s as close to a trickle as they can get it. Like most
executives, for example, Mayer can’t get by without multiple sources of
information: “I always have my laptop with me,” she reports, and “I adore my cell
phone.”
Starbucks
CEO
Howard
Schultz
receives
a
morning
voicemail
summarizing the previous day’s sales results and reads three newspapers a day.
Mayer watches the news all day, and Bill Gross, a securities portfolio manager,
keeps on eye on six monitors displaying real-time investment data.
On the other hand, Gross stands on his head to force himself to take a break
from communicating. When he’s upright again, he tries to find time to
concentrate. “Eliminating the noise,” he says, “is critical…. I only pick up the
phone three or four times a day…. I don’t want to be connected—I want to be
disconnected.” Ghosn, whose schedule requires weekly intercontinental travel,
uses bilingual assistants to screen and translate information—one assistant for
information from Europe (Renault’s location), one for information from Japan
(Nissan’s location), and one for information from the United States (where
Ghosn often must be when he doesn’t have to be in Europe or Japan). Clothing
designer Vera Wang also uses an assistant to filter information. “The barrage of
calls is so enormous,” she says, “that if I just answered calls I’d do nothing
else…. If I were to go near e-mail, there’d be even more obligations, and I’d be
in [a mental hospital] with a white jacket on.”
It is no surprise that Microsoft founder Bill Gates integrates the role of his
assistant into a high-tech information-organizing system. He uses three
screens synchronized to form a single desktop. His e-mails are displayed
on one, his browser is open in another, and whatever he is working on is
on the third. As he notes, “This setup gives me the ability to glance and
see what new has come in while I’m working on something and to bring
up a link that’s related to an e-mail and look at it while the e-mail is still in
front of me.” Like most managers, Gates says that his biggest challenges
relate to managing the flow of information that directly affects him.
1
This chapter examines people like Bill Gates, Carlos Ghosn, and Strauss
Zelnick to find out not only how they manage their physical and mental health
but also how they focus on the tasks of leadership and how they see its role in
management. We characterize the nature of leadership and trace through the
three major approaches to studying leadership—traits, behaviors, and
situations. After examining other perspectives on leadership, we conclude by
describing another approach to influencing others—political behavior in
organizations.
THE NATURE OF LEADERSHIP
In Chapter 10, we described various models and perspectives on employee motivation.
From the manager’s standpoint, trying to motivate people is an attempt to influence
their behavior. In many ways, leadership, too, is an attempt to influence the behavior of
others. In this section, we first define leadership, then differentiate it from management,
and conclude by relating it to power.
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