Free word groups and phraseological units

1.6.Ways of formation of PU.
1) by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups, e.g. in cosmic technique we can point out the following phrases: “launching pad” in its terminological meaning is “стартовая площадка”, in its transferred meaning “отправной пункт”, “to link up”- стыковатьсяб стыковать космические корабли in its transformed meaning it means “знакомиться”
2) by a large group of phraseological units was formed free word groups by transforming their meaning, e.g. “granny farm”- пансионат для престарелых, “troyan horse”- компьютерная программа преднамеренно составленная для повреждения компьтера
3) by means of alliteration, e.g. “a sad sack”- несчастный случай , “culture vulture”- человек интересующийся искусством, “fudge and nudge”- уклончивость
4) by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, e.g. My aunt! Hear, hear!
5) by means of distorting a word group, e.g. odds and ends was formed from odd ends
6) by using archaisms, e.g. in brown study – in gloomy meditation, here both components preserve their archaic meanings
7) by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, e.g. that cock won’t fight can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting), it becomes a phraseological unit it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically
8) when we use some unreal images, e.g. to have butterflies in the stomach – испытывть волнение, to have green fingers- преуспевать как садоводлюбитель
9) by using expressions of writers or polititions in everyday life, the winds of change –(McMillan), American dream (Alby), corridors of power (Snow)
1) by means of conversion, e.g. to vote with one’s feet was converted into vote with one’s feet, e.g. When the price of skiing doubled, tourists voted with their feet and just stopped going.
2) by changing the grammar form, e.g. make hay while the sun shines is transferred into a verbal phrase – to make good use of an opportunity while it lasts.
3) by analogy, e.g. curiosity killed the cat was transferred into care killed the cat.
4) by contrast, e.g. cold surgery – a planned before operation was formed by contrasting it with acute surgery, thin cat – a poor person was formed by contrasting it with fat cat.
5)
6) by borrowing phraseological units from other languages, e.g. to take the bull by horns (Latin) to do something difficult in a brave and determined way:
Why don't you take the bull by the horns and tell him to leave?, living space (German) - Lebensraum
References
1. Antrushina G.B. and others. English Lexicology. M., 1985.
2. Amosova N.N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. Л., 1963.
3. Arbekova T.I. Lexicology of English. М., 1977.
4. Arnold I.V. Lexicology of modern English. М., 1973.
5.Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка. – М.: Наука,
1972.
5.Collins V.N. A Book of English Idioms with Explanations. – London, 1958
6.Телия В.Н. Русская фразеология. Семантический, прагматический и лингвокультурологический аспекты. – М., 1996.