Formation of writing skills

1.2 Levels of organization of mental activity in the process of writing.
Each higher mental function includes many links and relies on the joint work of many parts of the cerebral cortex, each of which plays its own special role in the implementation of the whole functional system.
The process of writing is very complex and captures various areas of human mental activity. Writing, both from memory and from dictation, is associated with various anatomical and physiological structures of the brain. As shown by a number of works (by R.E. Levina, Zh.I. Shif , S.M. Blinkova, A.R. Luria and others), disturbances in certain areas of the cerebral cortex lead to various disorders of writing and writing. The study of the nature of these disorders made it possible to consider different parts of the cerebral cortex in connection with different types of written speech. The temporal regions of the left hemisphere of the brain are associated with auditory analysis in the process of writing: their defeat most of all causes a violation of the process of writing, carried out by ear, but has little effect on copying. The posterior-central regions of the left hemisphere, synthesizing kinetic sensations, are also associated with the processes of writing - namely, the control of movements through the articulatory systems of speech. The occipital-parietal region is associated with the visual organization of the writing process. Its defeat leads to spatial disturbances in the writing process. Compliance with the alternation and sequence of external repetition of letters is associated with premotor area of the cortex and the preservation of the motor image of the word. The left frontal lobes - the motor center of speech - are most associated with the preservation of intent when writing. Their defeat causes the impossibility of sequential writing.²
Thus, the process of writing is associated with the activity of all parts of the cerebral cortex, although their role in different types of writing is not the same.
The process of writing can proceed normally only if a complex constellation of cortical zones is preserved, practically covering the entire brain as a whole, but constituting a highly differentiated system, each component of which has a highly specific function.
The complex constellation of zones involved in the act of writing can change at different stages of skill formation and is not the same when writing in different languages.
The functional composition of the letter is provided as follows:
I block - a block of regulation of tone and wakefulness. Maintaining an active tone of the cortex when writing. block - a block for receiving, processing and storing information.
Processing of auditory -speech information - phonemic recognition, identification of lexemes, auditory -speech memory.
Processing of kinesthetic information - differentiation by article ; kinesthetic analysis of graphic movements.
Processing of visual information - actualization of visual images of letters and words.
Processing of polymodal information - orientation of letter elements, lines in space, hand-eye coordination, actualization of visual-spatial images of words. block - block of programming, regulation and control.
Efferent (serial) organization of movements - motor (kinetic) programming of graphic movements.
Regulation of mental activity - planning, implementation and control of the act of writing.
In the structure of writing and its psychophysiological mechanisms, as in a complex activity, the following levels of organization are distinguished ( Luriya A.R., Khomskaya E.D., Tsvetkova L.S., Akhutina T.V.).
The psychological level is realized due to the work of the frontal parts of the brain - the anterior, posterior and mediobasal parts of the frontal area of the cerebral cortex. The psychological level includes a number of links:
 the emergence of intention, motive for writing;
 creating an idea (what to write about);
 creation on its basis of the general meaning (what to write) content;
 regulation of activities and control over the actions performed.
The psycholinguistic level provides the operational side of the implementation of the plan (program) consists of several links:
 the process of sound discrimination , with the help of which the analysis of the sound composition of the word, its acoustic, kinesthetic and kinetic basis at the phrase level is carried out;
 volume of acoustic perception and auditory-speech memory ensures the perception of a certain amount of information and its retention in working memory;
 actualization of images-representations-graphemes on the basis of incoming sound information and its recoding into corresponding letters;
 actualization of the motor image of the letter and its recoding into the corresponding letter by a series of subtle hand movements;
 writing letters, words, phrases.
The linguistic level at which the choice of language means takes place is provided by the joint work of the anterior and posterior speech zones, which are responsible for the syntagmatics and paradigmatics of speech.
The psychophysiological level ensures the implementation of all the above operations and actions:
 process of sound discrimination is ensured by the joint work of speech-motor and acoustic analyzers;
 the volume of perception of acoustic speech signals is provided by an acoustic analyzer (and possibly together with a kinesthetic one), the structure of perception includes a link of iconic memory, which ensures short-term selection and retention of the necessary information for its processing;
 recoding from one mental process to another (from sound to letter) occurs due to the joint work of acoustic, visual and spatial, analyzer systems, which are provided by the work of the tertiary posterior brain zone of the temporal-parietal-occipital zone, and here the images of representations of letter signs are updated;
 recoding of the optical image of a letter into a motor image and into writing a letter occur due to the complex joint work of visual and motor analyzer systems.
The psychophysiological level is provided by the joint work of the posterior frontal, lower parietal, temporal, posterior temporal, anterior occipital regions of the left hemisphere.