Физика -physics

Молекула - Molecule - A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalentchemical bonds. Molecules are distinguished from ions by their lack of electrical charge. However, in quantum physics, organic chemistry, and biochemistry, the term molecule is often used less strictly, also being applied to polyatomic ions. In the kinetic theory of gases, the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition. According to this definition, noble gas atoms are considered molecules despite being composed of a single non-bonded atom.

Классик термодинамика - Classical thermodynamics accounts for the adventures of thermodynamic systems in terms, either of their time-invariant equilibrium states, or else of their continually repeated cyclic processes, but, formally, not both in the same account. It uses only time-invariant, or equilibrium, macroscopic quantities measurable in the laboratory, counting as time-invariant a long-term time-average of a quantity, such as a flow, generated by a continually repetitive process. Classical thermodynamics does not admit change over time as a fundamental factor in its account of processes. An equilibrium state stands endlessly without change over time, while a continually repeated cyclic process runs endlessly without change over time.