First published by Context, an imprint of Westland Publications Private



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Midnight s Borders A People s History of Modern India

First came the scream of the dying in a bad dream,
then the radio report, and a newspaper:
six shot dead, twenty-five houses razed,
sixteen beheaded with hands tied behind their backs inside a
church.
As the days crumbled, and the victors
and their victims grew in number,
I hardened inside my thickening hide,
until I lost my tenuous humanity.
I ceased thinking of abandoned children inside
blazing huts still waiting for their parents.


If they remembered their grandmother’s tales of many winter
hearths
at the hour of sleeping death,
I didn’t want to know, if they ever learnt the magic of letters.
And the women heavy with seed,
their soft bodies mown down like grain stalk during their lyric
harvests;
if  they  wore  wildflowers  in  their  hair  while  they  waited  for
their men,
I didn’t care anymore.
I burnt my truth with them, and buried uneasy manhood with
them.
I did mutter, on some far-off day:
‘There are limits,’ but when the days absolved the butchers,
I continue to live as if nothing happened.
I  underlined  ‘when  the  days  absolved  the  butchers’  and  ‘live  as  if
nothing happened’.
I drew a large breath and started rewriting my notes.


N
6
NELLIE
STUCK BETWEEN REMEMBERING AND
FORGETTING
Massacre is a dead metaphor that is eating my friends, eating
them without salt.
Massacre  opened  the  door  to  them  when  other  doors  were
closed,  and  called  them  by  their  names  when  news  reports
were looking for numbers.
Massacre is a dead metaphor that comes out of the television
and eats my friends without a single pinch of salt.
– Ghayath Almadhoun, ‘Massacre’, translated from the Arabic
by Catherine Cobham
ellie  is  one  of  the  small  villages  in  the  northeastern  state  of
Assam’s  Nagaon  district.  It  carries  the  heavy  history  of  having
been ground zero of one of the bloodiest massacres in India. More
than  3,000  Muslims—mostly  women  and  children—were  massacred
there and in the surrounding villages on a single day in February 1983.
Local eyewitness accounts of the massacre report a much higher number
of fatalities.
Newspaper  reports  appear  sporadically  on  the  anniversary  of  the
massacre, repeating the same information and always referring to Nellie
as  the  ‘forgotten  massacre’  in  which  ‘illegal  Muslim  immigrants’  were
killed. But those who buried their dead and returned to live next to these


graveyards  have  a  different  memory  of  these  events.  And  after  three
decades  of  silence,  they  now  bear  the  burden  of  explaining,  repeating
and narrating what happened in Nellie over and over.
With  Guwahati,  the  capital  city,  as  my  base,  I  travelled  throughout
Assam.  Each  day,  I  would  travel  out  to  the  villages  where  the
communities I wanted to speak with lived, and return to the guesthouse.
In  my  earlier  journeys  along  the  borderlands,  I  would  travel  along  the
border for months at a stretch and return home when I ran out of money.
I lived in cheap hotels and government guesthouses, and sometimes even
slept  in  the  car  when  I  couldn’t  find  a  place  for  the  night.  When  I
returned  in  2018—thirty-five  years  after  the  historic  massacre—much
had  changed  for  me  and  this  book.  I  had  given  birth  and  left  my
eighteen-month-old daughter behind. As the rhythm of my life and my
body  had  changed,  the  way  I  travelled  and  moved  in  the  world  also
changed. I felt sure that this trip was my last chance to finish the journey
that I had started almost five years earlier.
The last five years had also affected the politics, moods, rhythms,
joys and sorrows of the people of Assam. Two realities dominated daily
life: the ebb and flow of the mighty Brahmaputra and Barak rivers, and
the  battle  to  establish  who  was  ‘Assamese’.  Almost  all  the  people  I
encountered there were either made or broken by the rivers, as well as by
the battle to establish who they were.
A  third  of  Assam’s  border  with  Bangladesh  is  porous—about  162
miles of the border are fenced, and about fifty-nine miles are along the
river  Brahmaputra.  The  river  is  dotted  with  ‘char  chapori’  or  ‘chars’,
shifting  sand  islands  that  are  created  and  remade  each  time  the  river
Brahmaputra  ebbs  and  flows.  These  shifting  chars  are  also  homes  that
people leave every time the land erodes. Every three or four years, when
the chars become unliveable, its inhabitants move in search of the next
liveable char.
Independent  India  inherited  the  former  British  protectorate  of
Assam,  a  region  that  today  shares  borders  with  Bangladesh,  Bhutan,


Burma,  China,  Sikkim  and  Tibet.  If  history  had  taken  a  different  turn,
Assam might have been given to Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in the
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