Fayoztepa monument

Fayoztepa monument
Fayoztepa is a Buddhist monastery (vixara) of the I-VII centuries AD. It is located in the northwest of the ruins of the Old Termez city near Termez, 1 km northeast of the Qoratepa Buddhist complex, in the Muhammad Hakim Termizi mahalla of Termez district.
The discovery of Fayoztepa began in the spring of 1968, when a shepherd, Absad Beknayev, found a Buddha statue made of marl limestone on mobile sand and handed it over to the Termez Museum of Local Lore. The monument was fully excavated and studied in 1968-1976 by archaeologist LI Albaum and in 2004-2006 under the direction of archaeologist T. Annayev.
In the I-VII centuries AD it served as a Buddhist monastery. The religious center at Fayoztepa was called Haya-Vihara, or Equestrian Monastery, according to ancient inscriptions. The monastery consisted of two main architectural parts. On the south-west and north-west side of the monastery there was a three-part central building (area 118.4x34 m) and on the north and north-east there was a large courtyard with stupas, one of the sacred buildings of Buddhism. The total area of the complex is about 1.5 thousand square meters. When the Fayoztepa area was cleared of a pile of portable sands, its architectural history was revealed and it was found that it consisted of a monumental structure consisting of one hundred parts, ie a temple in the central part, a monastery in the northwest and farm buildings in the southeast. The total area of the complex. 1.5 thousand sq. M. m. One of the main parts of the temple is the supa, which, unlike other temples, is located not in the center of the temple courtyard, but outside it, in a line parallel to the sacred shrine. They are connected by a brick and marble pavement that crosses the courtyard. In the sacred shrine of the temple there is a statue of Buddha (Bodhisattva), the walls of the shrine are decorated with colorful murals. There are Buddhist statues under the walls. Most of the statues were painted red and then gilded. Sajdagoh jan. On the wall is an image of the Buddha in a red robe. He was photographed on both sides by two men in long dresses with shoulder pads. One of them is worshiping the Buddha. There are also traces of murals on the east wall of the shrine. There are pictures of different people on the pieces of plaster in the room. A piece of plaster measuring 60x80 cm found a picture of 2 men facing the Buddha.
Both images depict Bactrian Buddhist devotees in a state of worship. There are many sculptural pieces in this room. Even under the east wall of the room there is a special base for the kayaks made of baked bricks, and the top is smoothly covered with pieces of marble. Most of the statues are made of clay mixed with straw and covered with plaster. The heads of the statues are cast in a special mold. The arms and legs were made separately and then attached to the body of the statue. Among the statues of Fayoztepa, the head of the Buddha, made of plaster, attracts attention. Her curly black hair and charming face make her beautiful. This was the first time the Buddha had been found in a Kushan monument. In front of the entrance to this sacred shrine, a unique work of art made of solid marble was found in the triad. In the center of the Triad, the Buddha, wrapped in a silk mantle, sits under an arch and the branches of a sacred bodhisattva tree, and the monks standing next to him are depicted as begging him. Two Kanishka and one Vasudeva coins were found in the shrine.
The courtyard of the temple is rectangular in shape. 33x20 m, on all four sides there are rooms with doors of Buddhist monks facing the courtyard. The temple courtyard is surrounded by a long porch along the courtyard walls of these rooms. The walls of the porch are decorated with colorful murals. Colored wall decorations are preserved only at the bottom of the porch wall. There is a platform under the porch. In the northwestern part of the temple courtyard, there is a trapezoidal pool made of marble, with a hole in the lower part for drainage. The hole is shaped like a lion's head with wide open jaws. Fresh water is stored in such pools. The lion is reflected in the art of the Kushan period as a symbol of the power and might of the Buddha. Part 2 of the religious complex is a monastery, which is connected to the temple by an open door from the western wall of the courtyard. The rooms on the monastery square were inhabited by monks and students of the monastery, the monastery has classrooms and halls, dormitories for pilgrims. On the walls of the rooms are shelves for wicker lamps. Under the walls of some of the rooms there are statues of Buddha and platforms for their installation.
One of the main parts of the temple is the stupa, which, unlike other temples, is not in the center of the temple courtyard, but outside it, in a line parallel to the sacred shrine. They are connected by a brick and marble walkway that crosses the courtyard. There is a statue of Buddha in the sacred shrine of the temple, and the walls of the shrine are decorated with colorful murals. Buddhist statues (4 m high) were erected under the walls. Most of the statues were painted red and then covered with gold water. He was photographed on both sides by two men in long dresses with shoulder pads. One of them is worshiping the Buddha. There are also traces of murals on the east wall of the shrine.
There are pictures of different people on the pieces of plaster in the room. A piece of plaster measuring 60x80 cm found a picture of 2 men facing the Buddha. In both images, the Bactrian Buddhist devotees are described as worshiping the Buddha. There are many pieces of plaster sculptures in this room. Even under the eastern wall of the room there is a special base for the statues made of baked bricks, on top of which there is a marble smoothly covered with pieces of stone. Most of the statues are made of clay mixed with straw and covered with plaster. The heads of the statues are cast in a special mold. The arms and legs were made separately and then attached to the body of the statue. Among the statues of Fayoztepa, the head of the Buddha, made of plaster, attracts attention. Her curly black hair and beautiful face give her beauty. This was the first time the Buddha had been found in a Kushan monument. In front of the entrance to this sacred shrine was found a unique work of art made of solid marble - the triad. In the center of the Triad, a Buddha wrapped in a silk mantle sits under an arch and the branches of a sacred bodhisattva tree, and two monks standing beside him are depicted praying to him. Two Kanishka and one Vasudeva coins were found in the sajdagoh. The courtyard of the temple is rectangular, 33x20 m in area, and on all four sides there are rooms with Buddhist monks' doors facing the courtyard. The temple courtyard is surrounded by a long porch along the courtyard walls of these rooms. The walls of the porch are decorated with colorful murals. Colored wall decorations are preserved only at the bottom of the porch wall. There is a platform under the porch. In the north-western part of the temple courtyard there is a trapezoidal pool made of marble stones, with a hole in the lower part for drainage. The jaws of the hole are shaped like a lion's head with a wide opening. Such
fresh water is stored in the pools. The lion is reflected in Kushan art as a symbol of the Buddha's power and might. Part 2 of the religious complex is a monastery, which is connected to the temple by an open door from the western wall of the courtyard. The monastery's quarters housed monks and students, and the monastery housed classrooms and halls, as well as dormitories for pilgrims. On the walls of the rooms are shelves for wicker lamps. Buddha under the wall of some rooms
statues and pedestals were erected for their installation. This meant that monks and students, as well as pilgrims, performed their prayers in the monastery's temples when religious ceremonies stopped at the central temple.
To the southeast of the temple is its economic part. Its area is square, size 34.5x33.5 m. It is connected to the temple by 3 doors. Fifteen rooms were opened in the economic part of the temple, most of which contained the remains of a hearth. The walls of the complex have been restored with cotton wool, the sofas in the rooms and the walls have been repaired with bricks. All rooms are plastered with straw, only two room walls are plastered plastered. It is assumed that these two rooms were the shrines of the economic part of the temple. Remains of an oven and a pile of thick ash were found in two rooms. During the excavation of the tandoor rooms, many animal bones, humus, bowls, bowls, and fragments of pottery were found. All the vessels, except the hummus, were made on a pottery wheel and lined with light-colored angob. The ceramic surface is decorated with spruce-leaf, disc-like patterns. Barefoot Buddha compensation marks were also placed on the pottery pieces. Pottery lamps and ceramic pots are common among the pottery. A ceramic pipe was found in a room. Traces of a canal have been studied to indicate that water was brought to Fayoztepa from the Amudarya. It is assumed that water was pumped into the canal from the Amudarya via a canal. A 0.7 m wide platform was built around the large courtyard of the temple farm. During its excavations, countless different animal bones were found, as well as many pottery bowls and fragments. This courtyard is interpreted as a place of sacrifice to the Buddha and his monks. The walls of the Fayoztepa complex are mainly made of cotton and brick, especially the walls of the monastery and the temple are up to 3 m high. The southeastern walls of the economic part of the temple are not well preserved. All the walls are plastered with straw mud, and in most cases the plaster is whitewashed. its top is decorated with colorful paintings. Fayoztepa was devastated by the invasions of the Sassanids of Iran. In the first half of the 5th and 6th centuries, the ruins of the temple were used by the Hephthalites as a hut. During the Arab conquest, Fayoztepa was completely destroyed and later left under mobile sands.

BOOKS

1.Albaum L. I., Raskopki buddiyskogo kompleksa Fayaetepa, Sb. "Ancient Bactria", L.,
1974;
2.Kozlovskiy V. A., K izucheniyu drevnix pamyatnikov materialnoy kulturi Surxandarinskoy
oblasti. Sb. "Ancient Bactria", L., 1974;
3.Albaum L. I., Issledovaniye Fayaztepa v 1973 g. Sb. "Baktriyskiye drevnosti". L., 1976.