Faculty of air transport engineering the department of «air navigation systems»

Groups of hazardous and harmful production factors:
Physical:
. Moving workpiece blanks, unprotected movable elements of production equipment;
. Gas contamination, dustiness of the working area;
. Increased noise level;
. An increased level of voltage in the electrical network, the closure of which can occur in the human body;
. Increased level of ionizing radiation;
. Increased level of electromagnetic fields;
. Increased level of ultraviolet radiation;
. Inadequate illumination of the working area.
. Chemical:
. Irritant
Biological:
. Macro and microorganisms
. Psychophysiological:
. Physical overload;
. Static loads;
. Dynamic loads;
. Hypodynamia
. Neuro-emotional stress:
. Mental overstrain;
. Overwork;
. Overvoltage of analyzers (skin, visual, auditory, etc.)
. Monotony of labor;
. Emotional overload.
Safety is understood as such a state of activity in which the realization of a potential hazard is excluded with some probability (risk). Therefore, there are questions related to risk regulation. The normalized (acceptable) risk is 10^-6.
Actual risk is 100 and 1000 times higher than acceptable. The normative indicator of acceptable risk does not remain constant.
Organization of activities aimed at reducing operator fatigue
In the process of activity, the body's response to external changes does not remain constant. The body strives to adapt to the changing conditions of activity, to overcome difficulties and dangers. In this case, a state of mental tension arises, which the Canadian physiologist G. Selye called stress.
Stress is manifested in the general adaptation syndrome as a necessary and useful reaction of the body to a sharp increase in its total external load. It consists in a number of physiological changes in the body, contributing to an increase in its energy capabilities and the success of complex and dangerous actions. Therefore, stress itself is not only an appropriate defensive reaction of the human body, but also a mechanism contributing to the success of work in the face of interference, difficulties and dangers.
Stress has a positive effect on labor results only until it has exceeded a certain critical level. When this level is exceeded, the so-called hypermobilization process develops in the body, which entails a violation of the mechanisms of self-regulation and a deterioration in the results of activity, up to its disruption. Therefore, stress in excess of a critical level is sometimes called distress.
Thus, hypermobilization of the body leads to excessive forms of a mental state called distress or transcendental forms.
Two types of transcendental mental stress can be distinguished - inhibitory and excitable.
Brake type - characterized by stiffness and slowness of movements. A specialist is not capable of carrying out professional actions with the same dexterity. The speed of responses decreases. The thought process slows down, memory worsens, absent-mindedness and other negative signs that are not characteristic of this person in a calm state are manifested.
Excitable type - manifests itself as hyperreactivity, verbosity, trembling hands and voices. Operators perform numerous actions not dictated by a specific need. They check the condition of the devices, straighten clothes, rub their hands, in communication with others they find irritability, temper, their sharpness, rudeness, resentment.
Prolonged mental stress and especially their transcendental forms lead to severe states of fatigue. Let us consider mental states according to the level of tension, since this particular sign is most significant from the point of view of the influence of the state on the effectiveness and safety of activity.
Moderate stress - a normal working condition, occurs under the mobilizing influence of work. This state of mental activity is a necessary condition for the successful implementation of actions. It is accompanied by a moderate change in the physiological reactions of the body, manifests itself in good health, stable and confident performance of actions. Moderate voltage corresponds to optimal operation. The optimal mode of operation is carried out in comfortable conditions, during normal operation of technical devices. The situation is familiar, work activities are carried out in a strictly defined order, thinking is of an algorithmic nature.
Under optimal conditions, the intermediate and final goals of labor are achieved at low neuropsychic costs. Usually there is a long-term preservation of efficiency, the absence of gross violations, erroneous actions, failures, disruptions and other anomalies. The activity in the optimal mode is characterized by high reliability and optimal efficiency.
Increased stress - accompanies activities that occur in extreme conditions. Extreme conditions - conditions that require the maximum working stress of physiological and mental functions, sharply beyond the physiological norm. Extreme mode is work in conditions that go beyond the optimum. Deviations from optimal conditions of activity require increased volitional effort or, in other words, cause tension.
MICROCLIMATE
A prerequisite for effective human production is the provision of normal meteorological (microclimate) in the premises.
The microclimate is a complex of physical factors that influence the heat exchange of a person with the environment, its thermal state and determine well-being, working capacity, health and labor productivity. The formation of the industrial microclimate is influenced by the technological process, local climate, season of the year, heating and ventilation conditions.
The indicators characterizing the microclimate in industrial premises are:
 air temperature, ° С;
 surface temperature of enclosing structures (walls, floor, ceiling, technological equipment, etc.);
 relative humidity, air,%;
 air velocity, m / s;
 heat radiation intensity, W / m2.
If the work is done outdoors, the meteorological conditions are determined by the climatic zone and season of the year. However, in this case, a certain microclimate is created in the working area.
The influence of microclimate parameters on human well-being
A necessary condition for human life is to maintain a constant body temperature.
With favorable combinations of microclimate parameters, a person experiences a state of thermal comfort, which is an important condition for high labor productivity and the prevention of diseases.
Fire safety is a state of protection of a person, property, society and the state from fires.
The elements of the fire safety system are state authorities, local governments, organizations, farms and other legal entities, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, citizens involved in ensuring fire safety.
Achieve fire safety contribute to:
- normative legal regulation and implementation of state measures in the field of fire safety;
- creation of a fire department and organization of its activities;
- development and implementation of fire safety measures;
- implementation of rights, duties and responsibilities in the field of fire safety;
- production of fire-technical products;
- performance of work and services in the field of fire safety;
- carrying out fire propaganda and training the population in fire safety measures;
- information support in the field of fire safety; - accounting for fires and their consequences;
- implementation of the State Fire Supervision and other control functions to ensure fire safety;
- extinguishing fires and conducting rescue operations;
- the establishment of a special fire regime.
Fire prevention is a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the safety of people, preventing a fire, limiting its spread, as well as creating the conditions for successful fire fighting. For the prevention of fire, it is extremely important to correctly assess the fire hazard of a building, identify hazardous factors and justify methods and means of fire prevention and protection.

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  One of the conditions for ensuring fire safety is the elimination of possible sources of ignition.
  
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  Ignition sources may include:
  
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  faulty electrical equipment, faults in the wiring, electrical outlets and switches. To eliminate the occurrence of a fire for these reasons, it is necessary to identify and eliminate malfunctions in time, conduct a scheduled inspection and timely eliminate all malfunctions; faulty electrical appliances.
  
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  The necessary measures to exclude fire include timely repair of electrical appliances, high-quality repair of breakdowns, not the use of faulty electrical appliances;
  
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  heating the room with electric heaters with open heating elements. Exposed heating surfaces can cause a fire, as there are paper documents and reference books in the room in the form of books, manuals, and paper is a flammable object. In order to prevent fire, I suggest not using open heating devices in the room;
  
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  short circuit in the wiring. In order to reduce the likelihood of a fire due to a short circuit, it is necessary that the wiring is hidden.
  
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  lightning striking the building. In the summer, during a thunderstorm, lightning may occur, resulting in a fire. To avoid this, I recommend installing a lightning rod on the roof of the building;
  
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  Failure to comply with fire safety regulations and smoking indoors may also result in a fire. To eliminate the fire resulting from smoking in the room, I propose to categorically prohibit smoking, and to allow only in a strictly designated place.
  

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Passing through the body, an electric current produces 3 types of exposure: thermal, electrolytic and biological.
The thermal effect manifests itself in burns of the external and internal parts of the body, heating of blood vessels and blood, etc., which causes serious functional disorders in them.
Electrolytic - in the decomposition of blood and other organic fluids, thereby causing significant violations of their physico-chemical compositions and tissue as a whole.
The biological effect is expressed in irritation and excitation of living body tissues, which may be accompanied by involuntary convulsive contractions of the muscles, including the muscles of the heart and lungs. In this case, various disturbances in the body can occur, including mechanical damage to tissues, as well as a violation and even complete cessation of respiratory and circulatory activity.
There are two main types of damage to the body: electrical injuries and electric shocks. Often, both types of lesions accompany each other. However, they are different and should be considered separately.
Electrical injuries are clearly defined local violations of the integrity of body tissues caused by exposure to an electric current or an electric arc. Usually these are superficial lesions, that is, lesions of the skin, and sometimes other soft tissues, as well as ligaments and bones.
The danger of electrical injuries and the complexity of their treatment are determined by the nature and degree of tissue damage, as well as the body's response to this damage.
Usually the injuries are cured, and the victim's health is restored fully or partially. Sometimes (usually with severe burns) a person dies. In such cases, the direct cause of death is not electric current, but local damage to the body caused by current. Typical types of electrical injuries are electrical burns, electrical signs, metallic skin and mechanical damage. An electric burn is the most common electric injury: burns occur in most of the victims of electric current (60-65%), and a third of them are accompanied by other injuries - signs, skin metallization and mechanical damage.
Safety engineering is a system of technical means and methods of work that ensure the safety of working conditions. This is one of the most important measures in the field of labor protection. Electrical safety equipment includes a set of technical means, rules and instructions that should prevent or reduce the harmful effects of electric current on the human body. 
INSTRUCTIONS AND THEIR TYPES OF PRODUCTION
For all persons employed, as well as for employees transferred to another job, the employer (or a person authorized by him) is obliged to conduct labor safety training.
All persons hired for work, as well as employees and employees of third-party organizations seconded to the organization, performing work in the allocated area, students of educational institutions, conducting internships in the organization, and other persons participating in the organization's production activities, undergo established induction training. It is carried out by a labor protection specialist or an employee who is entrusted with these duties by order of the employer (or his authorized person).
In addition to an introductory briefing on labor protection, initial briefings at the workplace, repeated, unscheduled and targeted briefings are carried out. Initial briefing at the workplace, repeated, unscheduled and targeted briefings are carried out by the immediate supervisor of work (drilling supervisor, foreman). Conducting labor safety briefings includes familiarizing employees with hazardous and harmful production factors, studying labor safety requirements contained in local regulatory documents of the organization, labor safety instructions, technical and operational documentation, as well as using safe work methods and techniques. Labor protection training ends with an oral examination of the knowledge and skills of safe working practices acquired by the employee by the person who conducted the training. All types of briefings are recorded in the relevant briefing journals (in established cases - in the work order - admission to work), indicating the signature of the instructed and the signature of the instructor, as well as the date of the briefing. Initial briefing at the workplace is carried out before starting independent work:

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  with all employees newly accepted into the organization, including workers performing work on the terms of an employment contract concluded for a period of up to two months or for the period of seasonal work in their free time from the main work (part-time workers);
  
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  with employees of the organization, transferred in the prescribed manner from another structural unit, or employees who are entrusted with the implementation of a new job for them;
  
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  with business travelers from third-party organizations, students of educational institutions, undergoing practical training (practical classes), and other persons involved in the production activities of the organization.
  
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  All employees are re-instructed at least once every six months according to programs designed for initial briefing at the workplace. Unscheduled briefing is carried out:
  
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  upon the entry into force of new or amendment of legislative and other regulatory legal acts containing labor protection requirements, as well as labor protection instructions;
  
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  when changing technological processes, replacing or modernizing equipment, devices, tools and other factors affecting labor safety;
  
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  in case of violation by employees of labor protection requirements, if these violations created a real threat of serious consequences (industrial accident, accident, etc.);
  
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  at the request of officials of the state supervision and control bodies;
  
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  during breaks in work (for work with harmful and (or) dangerous conditions more than 30 calendar days, and for other works - more than 2 months);
  
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  by decision of the employer.
  

Targeted briefing is carried out during one-time work, during the liquidation of the consequences of accidents, natural disasters and work for which work permit, permit or other special documents are issued, as well as during mass events in the organization.