§22.7 The energy of electromagnetic waves. The Umov-Poyting vector. . …….301
§22.8 Application and scale of electromagnetic waves. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...........303
CHAPTER XXIII. ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF LIGHT AND WAVE
OPTICS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….307
§23.1 Electromagnetic wave nature of light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...307
§23.2 Development of ideas about the nature of light. . . .. . . . . . . . . ………... .312
§23.3 Interference of light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………….313
§23.4 Methods of observing interference of light. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ......316
§23.5. Calculation of the interference pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……….318
§23.6 Interference in thin films. Rings of Newton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..320
§23.7 Diffraction of light. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….326
§23.8 The Fresnel zone method. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………….327
§23.9 Fresnel diffraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….329
§23.10 Diffraction of Fraunhofer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..332
§23.11 Diffraction grating. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………. ..334
CHAPTER XXIV. INTERACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES WITH
SUBSTANCE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………339
§24.1 Dispersion of light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………..339
§24.2 Electronic dispersion theory. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …341
§24.3 Absorption of light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….344
§24.4 Polarization of light. Natural and polarized light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …345
§24.5 Polarization of light at the interface between two dielectrics. . . . . . . . ….347
§24.6 Double refraction. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .............350
§24.7. Polarizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………… .355
§24.8 The Law of Malus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….356
CHAPTER XXV. QUANTUM NATURE OF RADIATION. . . . . . . . . . . . …358
§25.1 Thermal radiation and its characteristics. ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …358
§25.2 Kirchhoff's Law. ............... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362
§25.3 Laws of radiation of an absolutely black body.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
§25.4 Hypothesis and the Planck formula. ......... .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
§25.5 Photoeffect. Laws of photoelectric effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …370
§25.6 Theory of the photoelectric effect. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..374
§25.7 Photon and its characteristics .... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................376
§25.8 Pressure of light. .......... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………..379
§25.9 The Compton effect .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …381
CHAPTER XXVI. ELEMENTS OF THE ATOMIC AND QUANTUM
PHYSICS………………. ...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ….384
§26.1 The structure of the atom. Rutherford's experience. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....384
§26.2 Spectrum of radiation of a hydrogen atom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..386
§26.3 Postulates and Bohr's theory. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...387
§26.4 The Frank-Hertz experience ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 390
§26.5 The corpuscular-wave dualism of matter. The hypothesis of de Broglie…391
§26.6 The principle of uncertainty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 393
§26.7 Wave function. The Schrodinger equation. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
514
§26.8 Particle in a potential well with infinitely high walls. . . ... ........................402
§26.9 Passage of microparticles through a potential barrier. Tunnel effect……..403
§26.10 Harmonic oscillator in quantum mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………405
§26.11 Quantum theory of the hydrogen atom ... ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
§26.12 The Stern-Gerlach experiment. ... ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ………….410
§26.13 Spin of the electron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………. . 413
§26.14 The Pauli principle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . …414
CHAPTER XXVII. ELEMENTS OF SOLID PHYSICS. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..416
§27.1 Basic concepts of quantum statistical physics.
The Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..416
§27.2 Phonons. .... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. . .420
§27.3 Zone theory of the energy of solids. ...... ...... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
§27.4 Electron filling of energy bands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........................424
§27.5 The intrinsic electrical conductivity of semiconductors .... . . . . . . . . . . .428
§27.6 Impurity conductivity of semiconductors. ...... .... . . . . . ……………… 431
§27.7 Contact phenomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
§27.8 p - n - transition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ...437
§27.9 Semiconductor diodes and transistors ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. .441
§27.10 Photoconductivity of semiconductors. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
§27.11 Quantum statistics of electrons in metals .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445
§27.12 Fermi level of electrons in metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .449
§27.13 Superconductivity. ............ ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……450
§27.14 The Josephson effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454
CHAPTER XXVIII. PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF HIGH
TECHNOLOGIES. …………………………………………………………… 456
§28.1 Spontaneous and stimulated emission. Lasers ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 456
§28.2 Development of nanoelectronics. ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
§28.3 Fullerons and nanotubes ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
§28.4 Nanoelectronic devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..464
§28.5 Technological problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...465
CHAPTER XXIX. PHYSICS OF THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .467
§29.1 Composition and basic characteristics of the atomic nucleus.. . . . . . . . . 467
§29.2 Nuclear Forces ........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . … ..469
§29.3 The mass defect. The binding energy of the atomic nucleus. . .. . . . . . . ..471
§29.4 Radioactivity of atomic nuclei. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..473
§29.5 Nuclear reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
§29.6 The fission reaction of atomic nuclei .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479
§29.7 Thermonuclear reactions .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . ………..481
CHAPTER XXX. MODERN PHYSICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD. . . . .484
§30.1 Elementary particles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 494