Establishment

Selected Bibliography and Works Referred to in the Syllabus
Ackroyd, P. R. Israel Under Babylon and Persia. Oxford: Univ. Press, 1970.
Albright, W. F. Bulletin of the American Society of Oriental Research, 109-110 (Feb., Apr., 1948).
_____. From Stone Age to Christianity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957.
_____. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1967.
_____. Archaeology and the Religion of Israel. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1969.
_____. "The Role of the Canaanites in the History of Civilization" in The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Garden City, NY: Dooubleday, 1961.
Anstey, A. Chronology of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1973.
Avigad, N. Discovering Jerusalem. Israel: Shikmona Pub. Co., 1980.
Avi-Yonah, M. The Holy Land: From the Persia to the Arab Conquests (536 B.C. to A.D. 640); a Historical Geography, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1966.
Beall, Todd S. Josephus’ Description of the Essenes Illustrated by the Dead Sea Scrolls, Society for New Testament Studies, Monograph Series 58, Cambridge, University Press, 1988.
Beck, John C. The Fall of Tyre According to Ezekiel’s Prophecy, Th.M. Thesis, DTS.
Beckwith, R. The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church (Grand Rapids: Eerd­mans, 1985).
Bittel, Kurt. Hattusha, The Capital of the Hittites. NY: Oxford Univ. Press, 1970.
Blaiklock, E. M. Archaeology of theNew Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970.
_____. and R. K. Harrison. The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983.
Bright, John. A History of Israel. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1959.

_____. "Has Archaeology Found Evidence for the Flood." Biblical Archaeologist Reader I, 32-40. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1961.
Brinkman, J. A. "Merodach-Baladan II" in Studies Presented to Leo Oppenheim, Chicago: Oriental Institute of University of Chicago, 1964.
Campbell, E. F. and D. N. Freedman. The Biblical Archaeologist Reader II. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1970.
_____. The Biblical Archaeologist Reader III. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1970.
_____. The Biblical Archaeologist Reader IV. Sheffield: Almond Press, 1973.
Cassuto, U. A Commentary on the Book of Genesis. 2 vols. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1978.
Childe, V. G. New Light on the Most Ancient East. New York: Knopf, 1929. Fourth ed. New York: F. A. Praeger, 1953.
Contenau, Everyday Life in Babylon and Assyria. New York: W. W. Norton, 1966.
Coogan, M. D. "Life in the Diaspora," BA 37 (1974) 7-12.
Cook, J. M. The Persian Empire, NY: Schocken Books, 1983.
Crockett, W. D. A Harmony of Samuel Kings and Chronicles. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1959.
Cross, F. M. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
_____. Ancient Library of Qumran. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961.
Curtis, Adrian. Ugarit, Ras Shamra. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1985.
Custance, A. The Three Sons of Noah. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975.
Daiches, Samuel. The Jews in Babylonia in the Times of Ezra and Nehemiah according to Babylonian Inscriptions, London: Jews' College, 1910.
De Jonge, W. and A. S. Van Der Woude, "11Q Melchizedek and the New Testament," NTS 12 (1966): 301-26.
De Sélincourt, A. The World of Herodotus. Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1962.
DeVaux, R. The Bible and the Ancient Near East. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.
Dever, W. G. "What Remains of the House that Albright Built?" Biblical Archaeologist, 56 (1993) 32-33.
DeVries, C. E. "The Bearing of Current Egyptian Studies on the Old Testament" in New Per­spectives on Old Testament Study. Waco, TX: Word Publisher, 1970.
Dothan, T. and S. Gitin, "Ekron of thePhilistines," BAR 16 (1990) 21-36.
Driver, S.R. The Book of Genesis. London: Methuen & Co., 1905.
Dupont-Sommer, A. The Essene Writings from Qumran, G. Vermes, trans. (Glouchester, MA: Peter Smith, 1973).
Edwards, I. E. S., Ed. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. Cambridge: University Press, 1970.
Eisenman, R. and Michael Wise. The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered. Rockport, MA: Element, 1992.
Eissfeldt, O. Introduction to the Old Testament. Tr. P. Ackroyd. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
Fensham, F. C. The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah in NICOT, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982.
Finegan, Jack. Light from the Ancient Past. Princeton: University Press, 1946.
_____. In the Beginning. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962.
Finkelstein, I. and D. Ussishkin, "Back to Megiddo," BAR 20 (1993) 26-43.
Finkelstein, J. J. Commen­tary, April, 1959, XXVII No. 4
J. A. Fitzmyer, The Dead Sea ScrollsMajor Publications and Tools for Study, Mis­soula, MT: Scholars Press, 1975,77.
Freedman, D. N. and Jonas Greenfield. New Directions in Biblical Archaeology. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1969.
Gadd, C. J. "Ur" in Archaeology and Old Testament Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Gardiner, A. Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford: University Press, 1961.
Gardiner, A. H. and Thomas Eric Peet. The Inscriptions of Sinai. London: Egypt Exploration Soceity, 1952-55.
Gaster, T. The Dead Sea Scriptures. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964.
Gelb, I. J. The Study of Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.
Glueck, Nelson. Rivers in the Desert. New York: Farrar, Strauss, Cudahy, 1959.
_____. The River Jordan. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968.
Gordon, Cyrus. "Biblical Customs and the Nuzu Tablets." Biblical Archaeologist 3:1 (1940) 1-12.
Gurney, O. R. The Hittites. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1954.
Hall, H. R. "The Eclipse of Egypt," in The Cambridge Ancient History 3:251-269 (1929).
Hallo, W. W. The Ancient Near East: A History, 1971, p. 145.
Harris, Zellig. A Grammar of the Phoenician Language. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1936.
Harrison, R. K. "Edom; Edomites," The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeolo­gy, eds., Blaiklock and Harrison, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983.
Hilprecht, H. V. and A. T. Clay, Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464-424 B.C.), Babylonian Expedition 9. Phila: University of PA, 1898.
Hindson, E. E. The Philistines and the Old Testament, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1971.
Hopkins, David C. "From the Editor," Biblical Archaeologist 56 (1993) Inside cover.
Horn, S. "Why the Moabite Stone Was Blown to Pieces," BAR 12:3 (1986): 53-61.
Josephus. Against Apion. In Loeb. T. E. Page, ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
Kaufmann, Yehezkel (in Cross’s Canaanite Myth)
Kelso, J. Archaeology and Our Old Testament Contemporaries. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1966.
K. Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy Land. 1979. Rep. Nashville: Nelson, 1985.
_____. Digging Up Jericho. London: Ernest Benn, Ltd., 1957.
_____. Royal Cities of the Old Testament. London: Barris and Jenkins, 1971.
Kitchen, K The Ancient Orient and the Old Testament. Chicago: Intervarsity Press, 1966.

_____. The Bible in its World; the Bible and Archaeology Today. Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press, 1977.
_____. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.), Warminster, Eng.: Aris & Phillips, ltd., 1986.
Kramer, History Begins at Sumer. Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1959.
Lacheman, E. R. Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1981.
Lawhead, A. S. "A Problem of Unfulfilled Prophecy in Ezekiel: a Response," WTJ 16 (1981): 15-19.
Luckenbill, Annals of Sennacherib. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924.
Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 BCE. New York: Doubleday, 1990.
Macqueen, J. G. The Hittites and their Con­tempor­aries in Asia Minor. London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd., 1975.
Mal­lowan, M. E. L. "Nimrud" in Archaeology and Old Testament Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Matthiae, Paolo. Ebla, an Empire Rediscovered, Tr. C. Holme. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981.
Mazar, B. "The Tobiads," IEJ 7 (1957) 137-145; 229-238.
Milik, J. T. ed., Discoveries in the Judean Desert. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1955.
Mitchell, T. C. "Philistia" in Archaeology and Old Testament Study. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Montet, P. Lives of the Pharaohs. Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1968.
_____. Egypt and the Bible. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1968.
Moscati, S. The Face of the Ancient Orient. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962.
Noth, M. The Old Testament World, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1962.
Oates, Joan. Babylon, London: Thames & Hudson, 1979, rev. ed., 1986.
Olmstead, A. T. His­tory of Palestine and Syria to the Macedonian Conquest. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1965.

_____. The History of Persia, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1948.
Oppenheim, Leo. Ancient Mesopotamia. Chicago: University Press, 1964.
Pettinato, G. The Archives of Ebla, Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981.
Petrie, W. M. F. Researches in Sinai, London: J. Murray, 1906.
Pfeiffer, C. F. Old Testament History. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1973.
_____. Tell El Amarna and the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1963.
_____. Ras Shamra and the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1962.
Pierce, R. A. "Shiloh and Jer. VII 12,14, & 15," VT 23:1 (1973): 105-108.
Pinches, T. G. "Chaldea" in International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, 1:589, 1929 edition.
Porten, Archives of Elephantine. Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press, 1968.
Pritchard, J. B. Archaeology and the Old Testament. Princeton: University Press, 1958.
_____. Ancient Near East. Vol 1. Princeton: University Press, 1958.
_____. Ancient Near East. Vol 2. Princeton: University Press, 1975.
_____. The Ancient Near East in Pictures. Princeton: University Press, 1969.
_____. The Ancient Near East in Texts. Princeton: University Press, 1969.
_____. Gibeon Where the Sun Stood Still. Princeton: University Press, 1962.
Rawlinson, G. The Origin of Nations. New York: Scribners, 1881.
Redford, D. B. Akhenaten, the Heretic King. Princeton: University Press, 1984.
Rosenthal, F. ed., An Aramaic Handbook, Wies­baden: Harrasso­witz, 1967.
Sanders, J. A. The Dead Sea Psalm Scroll. Ithica, NY: Cornell Press, 1967.
Sanders, N. K. The Sea Peoples, Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean, 1250-1150, London: Thames & Hudson, 1978.
Sasson, J. M. "Albright as an Orientalist," Biblical Archaeologist, 56 (1993) 3-7.

Sayce, A. H. The Hittites; the Story of a Forgotten Empire. London: The Religious Tract Society, 1903.
Scheuer, J. G. "Searching for the Phoenicians in Sardinia." Biblical Archaeologist Reader 16:1 (1990) 53-60.
Schoville, Keith. Biblical Archaeology in Focus, Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978.
Scoggin, J. Alberto, The Biblical Archaeologist, 23:3 (1960).
Segal, The Pentateuch. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1967.
Shiloh, Y. "Did the Philistines Destroy the Israelite Sanctuary at Shiloh?the Archaeologi­cal Evidence," BAR 1:2 (1975):3-5.
Smick, Elmer B. Archaeology of the Jordan Valley. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1973.
Snaith, N. H. The Jews from Cyrus to Herod, Nashville: Abingdon, 1956.
Speiser, E. A. Genesis in The Anchor Bible. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964.
Thompson, D. L. "A Problem of Unfulfilled Prophecy in Ezekiel," WTJ 16 (1981): 93-106.
Trevor, J. C. The Untold Story of Qumran, Westwood, NJ: Revell, 1965.
Unger, Merrill. Israel and the Arameans of Damascus. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1957.
Van Der Woude, A. S. "Melchisedek als himmlische Erlöser­ge­stalt in den neugefundenen eschatologischen Midraschim aus Qumran Höhle XI," OudTest­amentische Studien, 14 (Leiden, 1965).
van Seters, John. In Search of History, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983.
_____. "The Problem of Childlessness in Near Eastern Law and the Patriarchs of Israel." Journal of Biblical Literture 87 (1968) 401-8.
_____. Abraham in History and Tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.
Weir, C. J. M. "Nuzi" in Archaeology and Old Testament Study, ed. D. Winton Thomas, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.
Williamson, H.G.M. Ezra/Nehemiah in the Word Commentary, Waco: Word, 1985.
Wilson, John A. The Burden of Egypt. Chicago: University Press, 1951.

Wiseman, D. J. Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626-556 B.C.) in the British Museum. London: British Museum, 1956.
_____. Nebuchadrezzar and Baby­lon. London: Oxford University Press, 1985.
_____. Illustrations from Biblical Archae­ol­ogy. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1958.
_____ et al. Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel. London: The Tyndale Press, 1965.
_____. Ed. Peoples of Old Testament Times. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.
Wood, Leon. A Survey of Israel’s History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1970.
_____. "The Date of the Exodus." In New Per­spectives on Old Testament Study. Waco, TX: Word Publisher, 1970.

Wright, G. E. "Is Glueck’s aim to Prove that the Bible is True?" Biblical Archaeologist, 22 (1959)

_____ and D. N. Freedman. The Biblical Archaeologist Reader I. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1961.
_____. Ed. The Bible and the Ancient Near East. New York: Doubleday, 1961.
_____. "Philistine Coffins and Mercenaries," BA 22:3 (1959):53-66.
Yamauchi, E. "Meshech, Tubal, and Company: A Review Article." Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 19 (1976) 239-47.

126 ^This discussion is based on Wright, Biblical Archaeology.

127 ^N. Avigad, Discovering Jerusalem, Israel: Shikmona Pub. Co., 1980.

128 ^A. Mazar, Archaeology of the Land of the Bible 10,000-586 BCE, 368-402 for the period of the monarchy.

129 ^Cf. the archae­ological work done in both places in Wright, Biblical Archaeology. Yadin discusses subsequent work at Megiddo in BAR #2. He con­cludes that the stables belong perhaps to Ahab’s time. Megiddo is going to be revisited (I. Finkelstein and D. Ussishkin, “Back to Megiddo,” BAR 20 [1993] 26-43), and G. I. Davies (“King Solomon’s Stables Still at Megiddo?” BAR 20 [1993] 45-49) believes (after studying the original reports again) that an earlier stratum will reveal Solomon’s stables.

130 ^For the Arameans farther east who eventually created the Neo-Babylonian empire, see p. 63.

131 ^See ANEP, pp. 270-286.

132 ^See Moscati, The Face of the Ancient Orient, because of the names of the mountains and rivers.

133 ^NB: Coele Syria (koila Syria) is probably a corruption of the title “kol Syria” found on the monu­ments.

134 ^See M. E. L. Mal­lowan, “Nimrud” in Archaeology and Old Testament Study, 57-72.

135 ^ANET, pp. 278-79.

136 ^So Olmstead, History of Assyria, p. 137.

137 ^The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100-650 B.C.).

138 ^See Thiele, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings.

139 ^See ANEP, 351-55, ANET, pp. 280.

140 ^ANET p. 282.

141 ^See 2 Kings 14:22-29.

142 ^Scripta Hierosolymitana 8 (1961):232-71.

143 ^ANET, 282,83.

144 ^ANET, p. 283-84.

145 ^Albright argues that this was a descendent of David through east Jordan women (W. F. Albright, “The Son of Tabeel [Isaiah 7:6],” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 140 [1955] 34-35).

146 ^ANET, pp. 283-84.

147 ^ANET, pp. 284-85.

148 ^Light from the Ancient Past, p. 210. But see Thiele, Mysterious Numbers, p. 168, who argues that Sargon merely claimed credit, but was only involved in later suppression.

149 ^ANET, p. 287.

150 ^ANET, pp. 287 288.

151 ^See discussion under Tarhaqa of Egypt.

152 ^The Burden of Babylon.

153 ^For an excellent discussion, see D. D. Luckenbill, The Annals of Sennacherib, pp. 9-19

154 ^Luckenbill, Annals of Sennacherib, p. 17.

155 ^ANET, pp. 289-90.

156 ^ANET, p. 291.

157 ^ANET p. 294.

158 ^J. Bright, History of Israel, p. 290.

159 ^ANET, p. 293.

160 ^Cf. Williamson, Ezra/Nehemiah in the Word Commentary, p. 55 where he says, “he confusion of l and r at the end of the word may reflect Persian influence, but the loss of medial rb cannot be explained on such philological grounds.”

161 ^ANET, p. 294.

162 ^S.A. Cook, CAH 3:393.

163 ^D. J. Wiseman, Chronicles of Chaldaean Kings (626-556 B.C.) in the British Museum, p. 61; see his discussion pp. 15-16.

164 ^This discussion on the last days of Assyria comes from S. Smith, CAH 3:113-131 and Wiseman, Chronicles, pp. 5-27.

165 ^T. C. Mitchell, “Philistia” in Archaeology and Old Testament Study, p. 405.

166 ^T. Dothan and S. Gitin, “Ekron of the Philistines,” BAR 16 (1990) 21-36.

167 ^Ibid., p. 409. See also M. H. Segal, The Pentateuch, p. 34.

168 ^Ibid., p. 410.

169 ^N. K. Sanders, The Sea Peoples, Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean, 1250-1150.

170 ^Mitchell, “Philistia,” p. 413.

171 ^M. Noth, The Old Testament World.

172 ^See R. A. Pierce, “Shiloh and Jer. VII 12,14, & 15,” VT 23:1 (1973): 105-108 who follows a reevaluation of the archaeological evidence and argues that Shiloh was not destroyed until Jeremiah’s time. He says that Jeremiah links 1 Samuel 4 (the ark/glory departed) and the destruction (recently) of the city. But see “Did the Philistines Destroy the Israelite Sanctuary at Shiloh?--the Archaeologi­cal Evidence,” BAR 1:2 (1975):3-5 where the archaeolo­gist Y. Shiloh is quoted in refutation of the revised evalua­tion. Shiloh (the place) was indeed destroyed about 1050 B.C. and later reoccupied as evidenced by the name “the Shilonite” in 1 Kings 11:29).

173 ^Mitchell, “Philistia,” p. 415.

174 ^G. E. Wright, “Philistine Coffins and Mercenaries,” BA 22:3 (1959):53-66.

175 ^Ibid.

176 ^R.K. Harrison, “Edom; Edomites.”

177 ^Ibid.

178 ^Ibid., see also S. Horn, “Why the Moabite Stone Was Blown to Pieces,” BAR 12:3 (1986): 53-61.

179 ^Ibid., see ANET, p. 281 (for Adad Nirari III), p. 282 for Tiglath-Pileser, p. 287 for Sen­nacherib, p. 291 for Esarhaddon, pp. 294, 298, 301 for Ashurbanipal.

180 ^T. G. Pinches, “Chaldea” in International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia, 1:589, 1929 edition.

181 ^Ibid.

182 ^S. Smith, CAH, 3:33.

183 ^Smith, CAH, 3:33.

184 ^Ibid.

185 ^Ibid., p. 69.

186 ^See: F. M. Cross, Jr. & D. N. Freedman, “Josiah’s Revolt Against Assyria,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, XII (1953), pp. 56-58, and Wright, Biblical Archaeology.

187 ^D. N. Freedman, “The Babylonian Chronicle,” BAR #1, pp. 113-127.

188 ^D. J. Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon, p. 2-3.

189 ^W. W. Hallo, The Ancient Near East: A History, 1971, p. 145.

190 ^Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar, pp. 5-6.

191 ^Thompson, “The New Babylonian Empire,” CAH 3:206ff.

192 ^Ibid. p. 18.

193 ^Wiseman, Chronicle, p. 69.

194 ^Wiseman, Nebuchadrezzar, pp. 24-25.

195 ^CAH 3:214.