Environmental Problems

Environment

Environmental Problems

• Environmental Problems
• Theory of Environmental Policy
• Environmental Policy in India

Theory of Environmental Policy

• Externality Problem
• Market Based (Ex-ante) Instruments
• Emission Charges or Taxes
• Deposit-refund Systems
• Marketable or Tradable Emission Permits
• Output Taxes; and
• Performance Bonds and No-compliance Fees
• Reducing Government Subsidies

Command and Control Regulation: Standards

• Command and Control Regulation: Standards
• Criteria for choosing among environmental Policy Instruments
• Environmental Effectiveness
• Static Efficiency
• Dynamic incentives
• Flexibility
• Monitoring and Enforcement
• Equity; and
• Acceptability
• Bargaining Solutions: Coase theorem
• Liability (Ex-post)
• Information Programmes

Environmental Policy in India

• Introduction
• UN Conference on Human Environment, 1972
• The Water Act of 1974 (Amendment, 1988)
• The Constitution of India (42nd Amendment, 1976)
• The Air Act of 1981 (Amendment, 1987)
• Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1984
• The Environmental Protection Act of 1986
• The Environmental Protection Rules of 1986
• The Product Liability Insurance Act of 1991