a word with a letter near that of the word that you intended to use. We do not have slips of the tongue where
we confuse words that end in letters that are near each other in the lexicographer’s
dictionary such as cornet
and
corner. We do not find slips of the tongue like
*The teashop is just round the cornet (meaning
The
teashop is just round the corner
). We do not find people confusing
tip with
tiny although they are next to
each other in the
OED. So, you will probably never hear
I saw a tiny rabbit in the garden being erroneously
uttered as
*I saw a tip rabbit in the garden.
The mind is crammed all the way up to the rafters with words. Soon after the age of two, the average
infant has a vocabulary of more than 200 words. By age 7, the figure has risen to over 1,300 words. Oldfield
(1963) estimated that the average Oxford undergraduate has a vocabulary of about 75,000 words. Other
studies (cf. Seashore and Eckerson (1940), Diller (1978)), claim that a college-educated adult’s mental
lexicon may range from a conservative but still very substantial 50,000 to 250,000 words. The estimates
vary widely in part due to a number of methodological difficulties. There are problems in agreeing on what
units count as distinct words. There are also problems in determining what ‘knowing a word’ means, and so
on.
Everyone agrees that the mental lexicon is vast. So how does the mind store all those words? Our starting
assumption is that words are stored in a very orderly manner in the mind. Without your mental lexicon
being very systematically organised you would have a better chance of finding the proverbial needle in a
haystack than of finding the word you wanted. We have thousands and thousands of words in our minds and
yet we are able to find them in a flash. If they were all piled in the mind like old clothes on a jumble sale
table,
it would take hours,
if not days, to find the right word.
Human memory works most efficiently when it deals with structured information rather than a pot-pourri
of facts and information. You can verify this by reading and trying to remember
the same telephone number
presented
in two ways, in [11.6a] and in [11.6b]:
[11.6]
a.
(254) 326–4121
b.
2543264121
Although the same digits are presented to you in both cases, they are not equally easy to remember. It is
much easier to recall [11.6a] where the area code (254) is bracketed off, and the district code 326 is
separated from the specific account number (4121) (cf. Gregg (1986)). It is reasonable to assume that the
speed of lexical retrieval is possible only because lexical information is highly structured in the mind.
The same point can be made about speech production. We all marvel at the fluency of speech of the
auctioneer, or of the radio commentator covering a horse race. No less remarkable is Mr Average Twitter-
Machine’s rate of delivery when chatting with his friends. In normal conversation, speakers produce words
at a very brisk rate—100–200 words per minute. So, just finding the correct word time after time (never
mind making sense, which we manage to do as well a good bit of the time) is a great accomplishment.
Hence the vital importance of having a well organised mental lexicon and a super-efficient retrieval system.
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