English literature

Setting of Place
In usually, the setting of place from 1984 novel is England, Londen. But, the writer uses Oceania as the setting place.
Setting of Time
The setting of time in this novel in generally is at 1984. Although the time is at 1984, but in fact, 1984 novel first published in ±1947-1949.
d. Theme
There are various theme in 1984 novel, they are technological,social dangers of totalitarianism, political authority, physical, and the psychological.
Social Criticism
Social criticism, Eric Arthur Blair or more familiar with the pen name of George Orwell, in his work often criticize the social circumstances of certain societies which describe the conditions of poverty, oppression, and unique political allies such as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. He criticized of the Party's political power in the system of government. Both of his works made his name famous throughout the world. Some of these criticismsdepicted in the governmental system embraced in the 1984 novel follow the Totalitarian system of government.
Totalitarian
The system of totalitarian rule, in the 1984 novel system of government centres on the Party's power. Big Brother as the symbol of party power is crowned Party leader, in other words Big Brother is the government / king in power in Oceania. Although Big Brother is only a symbol of the government figure created by the Party in Oceania, but the belief of the society to the Big Brother figure is likely to be high.
Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on the hoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertainty as to when he was born.
Big Brother is the guise in which the Party chooses to exhibit itself to the world. His function is to act as a focusing point for love, fear, and reverence, emotions which are more easily felt toward an individual than toward an organization (Orwell, 1961:208). Below Big Brother comes the Inner Party, its number limited to six millions, or something less than two per cent of the population of Oceania. Below the Inner Party comes the Outer Party, which, if the Inner Party is described as the brain of the State, may be justly likened to the hands. Below that come the dumb masses whom habitually refer to as ―the proles,‖ numbering perhaps eighty-five per cent of the population. In terms of our earlier classification, the proles are the Low, for the slave populations of the equatorial lands, who pass constantly from the conqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part of the structure (Orwell, 1961:208) In addition, all things related to Big Brother are set by the Party. So whatever the truth or lie party said, it is accepted by the Oceania people. There is nota way for the community to oppose the Party's power. Moreover, by the way and anyway the Party justifies untruth and sabotage the state of society. It means that the Party is the truth. Although the Party workers know about the Party's lies, but they cannot do anything. The Party said that Oceania had never been in alliance with Eurasia. He, Winston Smith, knew that Oceania had been in alliance with Eurasia as short a time as four years ago. But where did that knowledge exist? Only in his own consciousness, which in any case must soon be annihilated? And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed – if all records told the same tale then the lie passed into history and became truth (Orwell, 1961:34). As the lead Winston changes any news about the state of Oceania in terms of government, war, regulation, but public affairs also cannot show evidence of Party fraud to the Oceania people.The news changes in Oceania happened in all the time. At just this moment it had been announced that Oceania was not after all at war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Eurasia was an ally(Orwell, 1961:180). The party claimed, for example, that today, forty per cent of adult proles were literate; before the Revolution, it was said, the number had only been fifteen per cent.

The Party claimed that infant mortality rate was now only a hundred and sixty per thousand, whereas before the Revolution it had been three hundred – and so it went on(Orwell, 1961:74). Day by day and almost minute by minute the past was brought up to date. In this way every prediction made by the Party could be shown by documentary evidence to have been correct; nor was any item of news, or any expression of opinion, which conflicted with the needs of the moment, ever allowed to remain on record (Orwell, 1961:40). This process of continuous alteration was applied not only to newspapers, but to books, periodicals, pamphlets, posters, leaflets, films, soundtracks, cartoons, photographs – to every kind of literature or documentation which might conceivably hold any political or ideological significance(Orwell, 1961:39-40). The power of the Party over Oceania is very strongly shown in the 1984 novel, all goodness, discovery and victory are said to be the achievement of the Party. As the invention of the plane by the Party, it is undeniable to some people rememberthat the plane is actually found long before the party came to power. But the party's truthfound the plane to be published in such a way that no evidence could disprove the Party's opinion. Everything melted into mist. Sometimes, indeed, you could put your finger on a definite lie. It was not true, for example, as was claimed in the Party history books, that the party had invented airplanes. He has remembered airplanes from his earliest childhood. But you could prove nothing. There was never any evidence(Orwell, 1961:36). All history was a palimpsest, scraped clean and rein scribed exactly as often as necessary. In no case would it have been possible, once the deed was done, to prove that any falsification had taken place(Orwell, 1961:40). A number of the Times which might, because of changes in political alignment, or mistaken prophecies uttered by Big Brother, have been rewritten a dozen times still stood on the files bearing its original date, and no other copy existed to contradict. Books, also, were recalled and rewritten again and again, and were invariably reissued without any admission that any alteration had been made(Orwell, 1961:40). And when memory failed and written records were falsified – with that happened, the claim of the Party.

Party to have I proved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did no exist, and never again could exist, any standard against which it could be tested (Orwell, 1961:93). The centuries of capitalism were held to have produced nothing of any value. One could not learn history from architecture any more than one could learn it from books. Statues, inscriptions, memorial stones, the names of streets – anything that might throw light upon the past had been systematically altered (Orwell, 1961:98). As the justificationsabove, some people ignore their memories and thinks of themselves as erroneous and swallow everything the Party announces through thetelescreen.In running the totalitarian government the Party has 3 Slogans namely:(Orwell, 1961:4). The three slogans above are used as a reference by the Party in regulating the structure of the Oceania society order, first it is said that WAR IS PEACE with the meaning during the battle, then the peace followed later, either won or lost the concept of war ended in peace even though Oceania never lost on the opponent Eurasia and Eastasia. Both FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, Oceania people are entirely forced to believe in the Party and remove their concerns about the conditions of war and bombing in the London area because the concept of both parties said that FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. If the phrase is based on the interpretation of the word, it can be concludes that there is no freedom for Oceania people either freedom from war or the freedom of the society or individuality of the Party rules in writing or not. Finally IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH, this concept is more directed to individual compliance of the Party's punishment, because finding out the Party's fault or in other words, trying to fight the Party is a very mistake and ends in torment. This has caused some Oceania people to swallow up every word of the party, ignoring the truth and burying the curiosity of the truth itself. However, outside the knowledge of Oceania people, Party has its own You know the Party slogan ‗Freedom is Slavery.‘ Has it ever occurred to you that it is reversible? Slavery is freedom. Alone—free—the human being is always defeated. It must be so, because every human being is doomed to die, which is the greatest of all failures.

But if he can make complete, utter submission, if he can escape from his identity, if he can merge himself in the Party so that he is the Party. Then he is all-powerful and immortal(Orwell, 1961:264). In addition to the three concepts of the slogan, the party arranged everything in Oceania to its pretension. Good thoughts, loved, hatred, laughter and other emotions in the Oceania people are notified by the Party, especially Parties worker, including the Core Party as well as the outside Party are striving to be governed by the power and Party‘s mind. There will be no royalty, except royalty toward the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. When we are omnipotent we shall have no more need of science. There will be no distinction between beauty and ugliness. There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed (Orwell, 1961:267). In organizing all government affairs be based on the Party‘s rule, there are four Ministries working in their respective fields: the Ministry of Truth, Ministry of Peace, The Ministry of Love, and the Ministry of Plenty. There were the homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided: the Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts; the Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war; the Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order; and the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. Their names, in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty(Orwell, 1961:4). Long time before the ruling party in Oceania, it was recorded in Goldstein‘s book based on the 1984 novel, about the state of Oceania and the former system of government, social circumstances, and the wars of Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia and the Party's problems. The two aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought. There are therefore two great problems which the Party is concerned to solve. One is how to discover, against his will, what another human being is thinking, and the other is how to kill several hundred million people in a few seconds without giving warning beforehand.

In so far as scientific research still continues, this is its subject matter(Orwell, 1961:193). It said that Oceania, Eastasia and Eurasiahave their respective philosophy as the basis of government, such as Ingsoc term in Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia and Death-worship in Eastasia. All three of these are almost identical, but with different names, but one thing is certain that these three governmental powers alike applying the totalitarian system of government.
In Oceania the prevailing philosophy is called Ingsoc. In Eurasia it is called Neo-Bolshevism, and in Eastasia it is called by a Chinese name usually translated as Death-worship, but perhaps better rendered as Obliteration of the self. The citizen of Oceania is not allowed to know anything of the tensest of the other two philosophies, but he is taught to execrate them as barbarous outrages upon morality and common sense(Orwell, 1961: 197).
Actually the three philosophies are barely distinguishable, and the social systems which they support are not distinguishable at all. Everywhere there is the same pyramidal structure, the same worship of a semi divine leader, the same economy existing by and for continuous warfare (Orwell, 1961:197). Although the Party has always said that they are not like the previous totalitarian government, they believe that the Party is more developed and better We are different from all the oligarchies of the past in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, we cowards and hypocrites. The German Nazis and the Russian Communists came very close to us in their methods, but they never had the courage to recognize their own motives (Orwell, 1961:263). Later, in the twentieth century, there were the totalitarians, as they were called; there were the German Nazis and the Russian Communists. The Russians persecuted heresy more cruelly than the Inquisition had done. And they imagined that they had learned from the mistakes of the past; they knew, at any rate, that one must not make martyrs(Orwell, 1961:254). But, in fact of the difference between the Party, government system and the German Nazis and the Russian Communists are lying only in the way, the system and its name. But the purpose and mastery of the upright truth are same: the truth of his leadership.
It was only after a decade of national wars, civil wars, revolution and counter-revolution in all parts of the world that Ingsoc and its rivals emerged as fully worked-out political theories. But they had been foreshadowed by the various system, generally called totalitarian, which had appeared earlier in the century, and the main outlines of the world which would emerge from the prevailing chaos had long been obvious (Orwell, 1961:205). All three countries don‘t not defeat each other and take control of each other, let alone mix together. There would be wars from all three of Oceania with Eastasia and Oceania with Eurasia. Warfare will not be badly caused by various reasons, but the war itself does not add to the third region of the country.
It follows that the three superstates not only cannot conquer one another, but would gain no advantage by doing so. On the contrary, so long as they remain in conflict, they prop one another up, like three sheaves of corn(Orwell, 1961:197).
The war is waged by each ruling group against its own subjects, and the keep the structure of society intact. The very word ―war,‖ therefore, has become misleading (Orwell, 1961:199). The social conditions themselvesnever changed in the system of the social order; either in the days of the war or after the war remained the same to this day in Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. There are only 3 types of community classes: High, Middle, and Low. Each class has its own goals, but in running a state government only low class alone that never shifted into Middle class or become High class. Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of the Neolithic Age, there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low(Orwell, 1961:201). The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when they have an aim —for it is an abiding characteristic of the Low that they are too much crushed by drudgery to be more than intermittently conscious of anything outside their daily lives —is to abolish all distinctions and create a society in which all men shall be equal(Orwell, 1961:201).
For long periods the High seem to be securely in power, but sooner or later there always comes a moment when they lose either their belief in themselves, or their capacity to govern efficiently, or both. They are then overthrown by the Middle.