Lecture V
The Dominant Synonymy; Euphemism; Antonyms
(Antrushina G.B.,, English Lexicology, 1999)
ix.gverdebi 209 – 224).
The attentive listener will have noticed that during our previous lecture much
use was made of the synonyms of the verb to look, and yet, the verb to look itself was
never mentioned. That does not seem fair because it is, certainly, a verb which
possesses the highest frequency of use compared with its synonyms, and so plays an
important role in communication. Its role and position in relation to its synonyms is also
of some importance as it presents a kind of centre of the group of synonyms, as it were,
holding it together.
Its semantic structure is quite simple: it consists only of denotative component and it
has no connotations.
All (or, at least, most) synonymic groups have a “central” word of this kind whose
meaning is equal to the denotation common to all the synonymic group. This word is
called the dominant synonym.
Here are examples of other dominant synonyms with their groups:
To surprise – to astonish – to amaze – to astound
To shout – to yell – to bellow – to roar
To shine – to flash – to blaze – to gleam – to glisten – to sparkle – to glitter – to
shimmer- to glimmer
To tremble – to shiver – to shudder – to shake
To make – to produce – to create – to fabricate – to manufacture
Angry – furious – enraged
Fear – terror – horror
The dominant synonym expresses the notion common to all synonyms of the
group in the most general way, without contributing any additional information as to the
manner, intensity, duration or any attending feature of the referent. So, any dominant
synonym is a typical basic-vocabulary word. Its meaning which is broad and
generalized, more or less “covers” the meanings of the rest of synonyms, so that it may
be substituted for any of them. It seems that here, at last, the idea of interchangeability
of synonyms comes into its own. And yet, each such substitution would mean an
irreparable loss of the additional information supplied by connotative components of
each synonym. So, using to look instead to glare, to stare, to peep, to peer we preserve
the general sense of the utterance but lose a great deal in precision, expressiveness
and colour.
Summing up what has been said, the following characteristic features of the
dominant synonym can be underlined:
I.High frequency of usage.
II.Broad combinability, i.e. ability to be used in combinations with various classes
of words.
III.Broad general meaning
IV. Lack of connotations. (This goes for stylistic connotations as well, so that
neutrality as to style is also a typical feature of the dominant synonym.)
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