English Lexicology


Types of Semantic Components



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English Lexicology (reader)

Types of Semantic Components
The leading semantic component in the semantic structure of a word is usually
termed
denotative componenet
(also, the
referential component
). The denotative
component expresses the conceptual content of a word.
The following list presents denotative components of some English adjectives and
verbs:
Denotative components
lonely ------------------------------------ alone, without company
notorious -------------------------------- widely known
celebrated ------------------------------- widely known
to glare ----------------------------------- to look
to glance --------------------------------- to look
to shiver ---------------------------------- to tremble
to shudder ------------------------------- to tremble
It is quite obvious that the definitions given in the right column only partially and
incompletely describe the meanings of their corresponding words. To give a more or
less full picture of the meaning of a word, it is necessary to include in the scheme of
analysis additional semantic components which are termed
connotations
or
connotative components
.


Let us complete the semantic structures of the words given above introducing
connotative components into the schemes of their semantic structures.
Denotative components Connotative components
lonely ---------- alone, without company + melancholy, sad
(Emotive connotation)
notorious --------- widely known + for criminal acts or bad traits of character
(Evaluative connotation, negative)
celebrated ------------ widely known +
for special achievements in science, art, etc.
(Evaluative connotation, positive)
to glare ---------------- to look + 1steadily, lastingly;2 in anger, rage
(1.Connotation of duration; emotive)
to glance --------------to look +
briefly, passingly
(Connotation of duration)
to shiver ---------------to tremble + 1.lastingly; 2.usu. with cold
(1.Connotation of duration; connotation of cause)
to shudder ------------ to tremble + 1.briefly; 2.with horror, disgust,etc.
(1Connotation of duration; 2.connotation of
cause; 3.emotive connotation)
The above examples show how by singling out denotative and connotative
components one can get a sufficiently clear picture of what the word really means. The
schemes presenting the semantic structures of glare, shiver, shudder also show that a
meaning can have two or more connotative components.
The given examples do not exhaust all the types of connotations but present only a
few: emotive, evaluative, of duration and of cause. For a more detailed classification of
connotative components of a meaning, we shall be dealing with during our coming
meetings.

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