English language teaching and learning

Theoretical Framework

1. 
   English Language Teaching and Learning
   
   1. 
      Foreign language Teaching and Learning
      

English has been recognized as an International Language. That is, people who come from diverse backgrounds geography, religion and culture has had an agreed media to communicate with each other, namely English. In foreign language teaching and learning Edward Anthony said that there are three hierarchical elements, namely approach, method, and technique. An approach is a set of assumption dealing with nature of language, learning, and teaching. Method is described as an overall plan for systematic presentation of language based upon a selected approach. Technique is the specific activities manifested in the classroom that were

consistent with a method and therefore were in harmony with an approach as well.⁶

There are nine approaches in foreign language teaching and learning:

1. 
   Grammar translation
   
2. 
   Direct
   
3. 
   Reading
   
4. 
   Audiolingualism
   
5. 
   Oral-Situation
   
6. 
   Cognitive
   
7. 
   Affective – Humanistic
   
8. 
   Comprehension – Based
   
9. 
   Communicative⁷
   
1. 
   Characteristics of Visual Impairments
   

1. 
   Type of Visual Impairments
   

Students with non-correctable vision problems have visual impairments. Depending on the severity of the condition. To qualify as a visually impaired student, certain criteria must be met, like low visual acuity, visual field limitation, progressive eye disease, or cortical visual impairment.
Partially Sighted: A visual impairment that adversely affects a student's educational performance even when corrected to the extent possible.
Low Vision: If someone's vision is between 20/70-20/160 and cannot be corrected, the student has moderate to low vision.


⁶H. Douglas Brown, Teaching by Principles: an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, (New York: Pearson Education, 2001), p. 14.
⁷ Marianne Celce-Murcia, teaching English as a second or foreign language.(2001) P. 5


Legally Blind: From 20/200-20/400 is legally blind with severe low vision. From 20/400 20/1000 is profound visual impairment, and is very close to total blindness.