English grammar

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English Grammar

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

We are among happy people

Kasansay-2021

Numbers-Sonlar

[Number] [Cardinal] [Ordinal] [Days of the week]

0 zero Monday

1 one first Tuesday

2 two second Wednesday

3 three third Thursday

4 four fourth Friday

5 five fifth Saturday

6 six sixth Sunday

7 seven seventh

[Months of the year]

8 eight eight January

9 nine ninth February

10 ten tenth March

11 eleven eleventh April

12 twelve twelfth May

13 thirteen thirteenth June

14 fourteen fourteenth July

15 fifteen fifteenth August

16 sixteen sixteenth September

17 seventeen seventeenth October

18 eighteen eighteenth November

19 nineteen nineteenth December

20 twenty twentieth

[Seasons]

30 thirty thirtieth Spring

40 forty fortieth Summer

50 fifty fiftieth Autumn

60 sixty sixtieth Winter

70 seventy seventieth

80 eighty eightieth

90 ninety ninetieth

100 one hundred one hundredth

1,000 one thousand one thousandth

1,000,000 one million one millionth

1,000,000,000 one billion one billionth

Simple sentence structure

Ingliz tilida oddiy gaplarni tuzish uchun quyidagi strukturadan foydalanamiz:

S(Subject)+P(Predicate)+C(Complement)+M(Modifier)

S-(Subject) gapda ega vazifasida keladi va gapni boshida keladi.Subjectsiz gap

tuza olmaymiz.

P-(Predicate) gapda kesim vazifasida keladi va ish harakatni ifodalaydi.U

Subjectdan keyin keladi.Predicate siz ham gap tuzib bo’lmaydi.

C-(Complement) gapda to’ldiruvchi vazifasida keladi va gapda Subject va

Predicate dan keyin keladi.

M-(Modifier)-3 turga bo’linadi:

1)Modifier of manner-Hol

2)Modifier of place-Joy aniqlovchisi

3)Modifier of time-Vaqt aniqlovchisi

Agar gapda hammasi qatnashsa:S+P+C+M.M+M.P+M.T

Modifier of time gapning oxirida va boshida ham kelishi mumkin.

For example:I cooked meal yesterday.I break two windows every day.They

played football with us last week.We do not read this book.

Singular and Plural

Biz qachonki ikki va undan ortiq narsa ,predmet,hayvon,odam yoki joylar haqida

gapirsak pluraldan foydalanamiz.

Otlarni asosan [s] harfini qo’shib pluralga aylantiriladi.

For example:Dog-dogs,Car-cars

Agar birlikdagi ot [o,ch,sh,s,ss,x] harflari bilan tugasa,bunday otni ko’plik shaklini

yasash uchun [es] qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi.

For example:Boss-bosses,Box-boxes

Exception:Dynamo,kilo,kimono,photo,soprano,zoo,video,kangaroo,piano,radio,

logo.

Agar birlikdagi ot [consonant+y] bilan tugasa uni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun

so’z oxiridagi [y] harfini tushurib [ies] qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi.

For example:Baby-babbies,Lady-ladies

Agar birlikdagi ot [vowel+y] bilan tugasa,uni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun

to’g’ridan to’g’ri [s] harfini qo’shamiz.

For example:Boy-boys,Guy-guys.

Shunday 12-ta [f,fe] harflari bilan tugovchi so’zlar borki ularning ko’plik shaklini

yasash uchun[f,fe] harflarini tushurib ularning o’rniga [ves] harflarini qo’yamiz.

For example:[Wife-wives] [Shelf-shelves] [Calf-calves] [Half-halves] [Knife-

knives] [Leaf-leaves] [Loaf-loaves] [Life-lives] [Self-selves] [Sheaf-sheaves] [Thief-

thieves] [Wolf-wolves]

Quyidagi 4-ta so’zni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun yo to’g’ridan to’g’ri [s] harfini

qo’shamiz yoki [f] harfini tushurib [ves] qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi.

For example:[Scarf-scarfs-scarves] [Wharf-wharfs-wharves]

[Dwarf-dwarfs-dwarves] [Hoof-hoofs-hooves].

Yuqoridagi 16-ta so’zdan tashqari qolgan barcha [f,fe] harfi bilan tugovchi

so’zlarni ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun [s] harfi qo’shiladi.

For example:[Roof-roofs] [Chef-chefs]

Ba’zi bir so’zlarning ko’plik shaklini yasashda shakl almashish orqali ko’plik shakli

hosil bo’ladi.

For example:[Foot-feet] [Ox-oxen] [Man-men] [Woman-women] [Mouse-mice]

[Child-children] [Person-people] [Tooth-teeth] [Goose-geese] [Chick-chicken]

[Louse-lice]

Ma’lim bir so’zlarni shakli birlikda ham ko’plikda ham bir xil bo’ladi.Ularning

birlikda yoki ko’plikda ekanligini Predicate yoki Pronoun orqali bilib olamiz.

For example:[Fish-fish] [Sheep-sheep] [Deer-deer]

Ba’zan [fishes] so’zi uchrab turadi,bunday holda gapning ma’nosi baliqlarni soni

bilan emas balki baliqlarni turi to’g’risida bo’ladi.

For example:There are fish (Baliqlar bor).There are fishes (Turli xil baliqlar bor).

Qisqartma so’zlarni ko’plik shaklini yasash

For example:[VIP-Very important person…VIPs-Very important people]

[MP-Member of parliament…MPs-Members of parliament]

Countable noun and Uncountable noun

Ingliz tilida otlar 2-turga bo’linadi:

1)Countable nouns 2)Uncountable nouns

Countable nouns oldidan raqamlar ishlata olamiz va ular birlikda yoki ko’plikda

bo’lishi mumki:two pens, a pen

Uncountable nouns oldidan raqamlar ishlata olmaymiz va ular doimo birlik

hisoblanib o’zidankeyin birlikdagi fe’lni talab qilad:water is a necessary thing for

people.

Quyidagi ot guruhlari sanalmaydi:

1)Moddalar:Gold,silver,bronze,chalk………………

2)Oziq ovqatlar:Meat,cheese,bread,cake…………

3)Suyuqliklar:Water,tea,milk,oil,coffee……………

4)Mavhum otlar:Happiness,luck,friendship……

5)Boshqalar:News,information,rubbish,weather,travel……………

Otlarni miqdorini ko’rsatish uchun quyidagi so’zlardan foydalanamiz:

Countable Uncountable

few-kam(yetarli emas) little-juda kam(yetarli emas)

a few-kam(yetarli) a little-kam(yetarli)

(I have few pencils) (I have little hair)

a few pencils a little hair

some-bir nechta,ba’zi some-biroz

(I have

some pens) (I have some hair)

many-ko’p much-ko’p

(I have many friends) (He has much money)

time-marta time-vaqt

(I have been in London three times) (We have enough time)

iron-dazmol iron-temir

(I have two irons for my mother) (Iron is a kind of metal)

glass-stakan glass-shisha

(I drink 5 glasses of water) (Windows are made of glass)

hair-soch tola hair-soch

(She found two hairs) (His hair is black)

TO BE

To be fe’li gapda asosiy fe’l bo’lmaganda asosiy fe’l sifatida ishlatiladi va ega

haqida malumot beradi.To be fe’li shaxs va zamonga nisbatan tuslanadi.

I,She,He,It-(birlik)______________We,You,They(ko’plik)

Present to be:[am,is,are] [(I=am),(He/She/It=is),(we,you,they=are)]

For example:I am a student.It is my pen.We are friends.

Past to be:[was,were] [(I/She/He/It=was),(We,You,They=were)

For example:She was honestly.They were footballers.

Future to be:[Will be] (I/She/He/It/We/You/They=Will be)

For example:I will be a businessman.

Pronoun

Ingliz tilida olmoshlar 2 xil bo’ladi:

1)Personal pronoun(Kishilik olmoshlar) 2)Possessive pronoun(Egalik olmoshlari)

Personal pronouns 2 xil bo’ladi:

1)Subjective pronoun 2)Objective pronoun

Subjective pronoun ega o’rnida ishlatiladigan olmoshlar:I,He,She,It,We,You,They

Objective pronoun gapda to’ldiruvchi bo’lib keladi:me,you,him,her,it,us,them

Possessive pronoun 2 turga bo’linadi:

1)Possessive one-Oddiy shakl bo’lib gapda aniqlovchi vazifasida keladi va o’zidan

keyin ot talab qiladi:my,your,his,her,its,our,their

2)Possessive two-Mustaqil shakl bo’lib gapda ot o’rnida ishlatiladi va o’zidan keyin

ot talab qilmaydi:mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,their

Demostrative pronouns(ko’rsatish olmoshlari):this,that,these,those

Reflexsive pronoun(o’zlik olmoshlari)-Ega malum bir ishni o’zi yoki o’zi uchun

ishlatiladi va gapning oxirida keladi:

myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves

Agar Reflexsive pronoun birorta otdan keyin kelsa u holda u o’sha otga nisbatan

urg’u beradi:I saw Khabib himself.I myself teach you

Articles

Artikllar otni aniqlashtirish uchun ishlatiladi va 2 turga bo’linadi:

1)Indefenite article:[a/an] 2)Definite article:[the]

Indefenite article birlikdagi sanaladigan va biz uchun nomalum otlar oldidan

ishlatiladi va tarjimasi bitta:I have a car.I saw a boy.

[a] articli undosh tovush bilan boshlanuvchiso’zlar oldidan ishlatiladi:a boy,a pen

[an] article unli tovush bilan boshlanuvchi so’zlar oldidan ishlatiladi:an apple

[a/an+adj+noun]:a big umbrella,an expensive phone.

Definite article:[the].[The] articli agar gapda bitta ot haqida aniq malumot bo’lsa

ushbu ot oldidan ishlatilad:I know the boy

Agar suhbatdoshlar orasida aynan qaysi ot haqida gap ketayotganini bilishsa

ushbu ot oldidan ham the articli ishlatiladi:Open the door.

The articli dunyoda yagona bo’lgan narsalar oldidan ishlatiladi:The Moon,the

Sun,the Sky

Agar birinchi gapda bitta ot haqida gapirilib,ikkinchi gapda yana o’sha ot

gapirilsa ikkinchi gapdagi ot oldidan [the] articli ishlatiladi:I saw a girl.The girl was

beautiful.

Tartib sonlar va sifatning orttirma darajasi oldidan [the] articli ishlatiladi:The first

lesson,the second teacher,the best

Possessive form

Possessive form bir narsani boshqa bir narsaga yoki kishiga tegishliligini

ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi va uning 2 xil turi mavjud.

1)Apostrophe+S=’S 2)Noun of noun

Apostrophe+S asosan jonli predmetlarga ishlatilad,tarjimasi [ning] bo’lib o’zidan

oldin kelgan otga mano beradi:a boy’s phone,Ali’s sister

Ko’plik shakli[s] bilan tugaydigan otlarni egalik shaklini yasash uchun apostrophe

belgisini o’zini qo’yamiz:Boy’s room,Dogs’ tail

Noun of noun-Bu struktura jonsiz predmetlar uchun ishlatiladiva [of] o’zidan keyin

kelgan ot bilan birga tarjima qilinadi va tarjimasi [ning] bo’ladi:the charge of the

battery of the phone finish.

There+To be

Bu struktura ba’zi bir gaplarda ishlatilib [bor,mavjud] deb tarjima qilinadi:There is

a girl in our group.

There+To be bilan boshlanuvchi gaplar biror joyda jonli yoki jonsiz narsalarni bor

yoki yo’qligini ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladi.To be Objectga qarab tanlanadi.

[Positive]-There+to be+O+M.P

[Negative]-There+to be+not+O+M.P

[Question]-To be+there+O+M.P

There was a girl in our group.There are two doors in this room.There will be new

buildings in the centre of Kasansay.

Have got/Has got

Have got/Has got gapda bor bo’lmoq,ega bo’lmoq degan manolarda ishlatiladi.

Have got/Has got va Have/Has ni farqi yo’q.Ikkalasi ham teng kuchlidir:

We have got a new car=We have a new car

[Positive]-S+Have/has+got+C+M

[Negative]-S+Have/Has+not+got+C+M

[Question]-Have/Has+S+got+C+M?

Have got/Has got va Have/Hasni so’roq va inkor shakllari quyidagicha farq qiladi:

[(P)I have a car.(N)I do not have a car.(Q)Do you have a car?]

[(P)I have got a car.(N)I have not got a car.(Q)Have I got a car?]

Adjactive

Sifatning 3 xil darajasi mavjud.

1)Positive degree-Oddiy daraja 2)Comparative degree-Qiyosiy daraja

3)Superlative degree-Orttirma daraja

Positive degree faqatgina bitta yoki bir guruh otlarni sifatini belgisini ko’rsatadi:

a big boy,a smart watch

Comparative degree 2-ta otni yoki 2-ta otlar guruhini o’zaro solishtiradi va

asosan [than] ishlatiladi:This red marker is smaller than this blue marker.

Agar sifat 2 va undan ortiq bo’g’inli bo’lsa [more+adj] bo’ladi:beautiful-more

beautiful

Agar sifat 1 va 2 bo’g’inli bo’lsa [adj+er] bo’ladi:Fast-faster

Superlative degree bir guruh otlarni o’zaro solishtirib bittasini nazarda tutganda

ishlatiladi va bunday sifatlar oldidan [the] articl ishlatildi:Blue marker is the

biggest in this room.

Agar sifat 1 bo’g’inli bo’lsa [the+adj+est]:the fastest.

Agar sifat 2 va undan ko’p bo’g’inli bo’lsa:[the+most+adj]:the most famous

Ikki bo’g’inli va [y] harfiga tugovchi otlar borki ularning darajalarini yasash uchun

bir bo’g’inlilar qoidasidan foydalanamiz.

For example:[Busy-busier-the busiest] [Heavy-heavier-the heaviest]

[easy-easier-the easiest] [Happy-happier-the happiest]

Ba’zi sifatning darajasi shakl almashinuvi natijasida hosil bo’ladi.

[Positive] [Comparative] [Superlative]

Good better the best

Bad worse the worst

Little less the least

Adverb

Ravish bu ish harakatni qanday yoki qay tarzda bajarilganligini ifodalaydi:I play

well.

Ravishlar asosan sifatga [ly] qo’shimchasini qo’shib yasaladi:slow-slowly,bad-

badly.(I am bad.I write badly)

Agar sifat [y] harfi bilan tugagan bo’lsa uning ravish shaklini yasash uchun [y]

harfi o’chirilib [ily] qo’shiladi:Happy-happily,crazy-crazily,easy-easily,lucky-luckily.

Agar sifat [e] harfi bilan kelgan bo’lsa [ly] o’zi qo’shiladi:Extreme-extremely

Exception:true-truly,due-duly,whole-wholly.

Agar sifat [consonant+le] ga tugasa sifat oxiridagi [e] harfi tushurilib [y] harfi

qo’shiladi:Gentle-gently,Capable-capably

Quyidagi ravishlarga (so’zlarga) [ly] qo’shib bo’lmaydi.

For example:Back,early,enough,far,fast,ill,kindly,little,left,long,low,short,still,

straight,well,wrong.

Some/Any

Some/any bu so’zlarning manosi bir qancha,birorta,biroz deb tarjima

qilinadi.Some-ko’p holatlarda positive gapda keladi.Any esa ko’pincha negative va

question gaplarda keladi.Some dan keyingi noun ko’p holatlarda ko’plik shaklida

bo’ladi.Subject bo’lib ham faqat Some ishatiladi(Some of my friends):I have some

fruits in my bag.Do you have any friends in Dubai?You do not have any such a

famous book.

Too,So/Such,Enough

Too ning juda va ham degan manolari bor.Juda manosida too+adj bo’ladi.

For example:Too expensive,too pretty.

So/Such-Bu so’zlarning manosi [shunday] bo’lib ularning asosiy farqi SO dan

keyin ko’pincha Adjactive keladi,SUCH dan keyin esa ko’pincha Noun keladi.Agar

Noundan oldin artikl bo’lsa bu artikl SUCH dan keyin yoziladi.

[She is so gorgeous.She is such a gorgeous girl.]

Enough so’zining manosi yetarlicha deb tarjima qilinadi.Bu so’z agar Adj

vazifasida kelsa noundan oldin keladi,agar Adverb bo’lib kelsa gapning oxirida

keladi:I have enough money.I can run enough.

Prepositions

Prepositions bu predloglar deganidir va ular quyidagicha ishlatiladi.

IN-->…da,(ichida) IN-asosan muddati katta bo’lganlari uchun ishlatiladi:

Asr,yillar,fasllar,oylar,hafta-->IN ishlatiladi.

In the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening,in childhood,in the night(maxsus),

In 30 minutes,in a day(You should do this work in 30 minutes),in armchair,in the

sky,in bed,in hospital,in a row,in a line,in a country,in a town/city,in a village,in a

square,in a street,in a room,in a field,in a forest/wood

ON-->..da(ustida) ON-asosan ustida manoda keladi va kunlik vaqtlarda ishlatiladi:

24 soat,1 kun,On Monday,on 10

may,on Navruz day,on holiday,on my

birthday,on Monday night,on the night of party,on the night of 24 april

AT-->…da,(atrofida) AT-asosan atrofida manoda keladi va soat uchun ishlatiladi:

At 5,at 7 oclock,at night,at Navruz,at the weeking at lunch time,at tea time,I am at

22(Men 22 da man)

By--->orqali (transport uchun) I go to school by bus.

Around-->atrofida John worked around that building last year.

Between-->orasida Khabib had become famous between 2018 and 2020.

Under-->tagida I know if there is much money under box.

Next to-->yonida There is national library next to shopping mall.

Near-->yaqinida I live in a house near the park.

Within-->ichida I need to get 7+ within a year.

During-->davomida,vaqtida,mobaynida I had not driven car during my childhood.

Apposite-->ro’parasida,qarshisida You stay apposite of the bank.

Per-->har bir,har qaysi Ilon Mask reads a book per week.

Except for-->…-dan tashqari Everybody can participate in go except for John

Far from-->…dan uzoq How far from Spain to U.S.E?

Beyond-->olisda,narigi tomonda The river is beyong our house.

Below-->tagida,ostida The author’s name is written below the title.

Present simple

Present simple hozirgi oddiy zamon bo’lib odat tusiga kirgan yoki doimiy

takrorlanadigan ish harakatlarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]: S+V

1/s/es

+C+M

[Negative]: S+do/does+not+V

+C+M

[Question]: Do/does+S+V

+C+M?

Do >> I, we, you, they >> V

Does >> He, she, It >> V

s/es

Key words

Always-har doim

Sometimes-bazida

Usually-odatda

Often-tez tez

Rarely-kamdan kam

Never-hech qachon

Every-har

On Monday/Tuesday/……..

I often go to university by bus.I don’t smoke.He usually gets up late.Does she

know cooking meals?

Present continuous

Present continuous hozirgi davomli zamon bo’lib ayni paytda sodir bo’layotgan

(bo’lmayotgan) ish harakatlarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+am/is/are+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+am/is/are+not+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Am/is/are+S+V

ing

+C+M?

am-I is-he,she,it are-they,we,you

key words

now-hozir

right now-ayni damda

at the moment-ayni paytda

nowadays-hozirda,shu kunlarda

in these days-shu kunlarda

at present-bugungi kunda

day by day-kundan kunga

Look!-Qara!

Listen!-Eshit!

We are sitting in the lesson now.We are not playing football now.

Past simple

Past simple o’tgan zamon bo’lib o’tgan vaqtda sodir bo’lib tugagan ish harakatlar

uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+V

2/ed

+C+M

[Negative]:S+did+not+V

+C+M

[Question]:Did+S+V

+C+M?

-- > for Irregular verbs. Speak-spoke

ed

-- > for regular verbs. Work-worked

Key words

Yesterday-kecha

Last-o’tgan (last week)

Ago-oldin (three months ago)

In 2020/2018…..(2020 yilda)

I workedhard yesterday.He didn’t go ot university yesterday.Did you know the

new rule yesterday?

Past continuous

Past continuous o’tgan davomli zamon bo’lib o’tgan zamonda malum bir vaqt

oralig’ida sodir bo’layotgan ish harakatlarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+was/were+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+was/were+not+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Was/were+S+V

ing

+C+M?

Was-->I,He,She,It Were-->We,You,They

Key words

Yesterday-kecha

Last-o’tgan(last month)

Ago-oldin(two years ago)

In 2018/2015….(2015 yilda)

I was sleeping yesterday.They were not sitting in the lesson last Monday.Was He

watching the match yesterday?

Future simple

Future simple kelasi oddiy zamon bo’lib kelajakda sodir bo’lish ehtimoli bor

bo’lgan ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+will+V

+C+M

[Negative]:S+will+not+V

+C+M

[Question]:Will+S+V

+C+M?

Key words

Tomorrow-ertaga

Next-kelasi,keying

In 2030/2050…(2050 yilda)

I will take dance lessons next week.He will not clean up the room.Will you come

tomorrow?

Future continuous

Future continuous kelasi davomli zamon bo’lib kelajakda malim bir vaqt

oralig’ida davom etayotgan ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+will+be+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+will+not+be+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Will+S+be+V

ing

+C+M?

Key words

Tomorrow-ertaga

Next-kelasi,keying

In 2030/2050…(2030 yilda)

I will be giving control works next week.She will not be having lunch

tomorrow.Will you be studying in the foundation 1 next month?

Present perfect

Present perfect tense hozirgi tugallangan zamon bo’lib o’tmishda nomalum bir

vaqtda sodir bo’lgan ish harakatlarni ifodalash uchun va yaqinda sodir bo’lgan ish

harakatlarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+have/has+V

+C+M

[Negative]:S+have/has+not+V

+C+M

[Question]:Have/has+S+V

+M?

Have--> I, We, You, They Has--> He, She, It

Key words

Already-Allaqachon

Just-Endigina,hozirgina

Yet-hali ham

Recently-Yaqinda

Lately-Yaqinda

Never-Hech qachon

Ever-Biror marta

Soon-yaqinda

I have just come to the lesson.He has not given up smoking yet.Have you never

gone to Tashkent?

Present perfect continuous

Present perfect continuous hozirgacha davom etib kelayotgan (tugagan yoki

tugamagan) ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+have/has+been+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+have/has+not+been+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Have/has+S+been+V

ing

+C+M?

Key words

Already-allaqachon

Just-endigina

Yet-hali ham

Never-hech qachon

Ever-biror marta

For-dan beri(oraliq vaqt uchun)

Since-dan beri(boshlang’ich vaqt uchun)

I have been studying at school for 10 years.He has not been sleeping for 24

hours.Have you been learning?

Past perfect

Past perfect o’tgan zamondagi malum bir vaqt oralig’idan oldin sodir bo’lib

tugagan ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+had+V

+C+M

[Negative]:S+had+not+V

+C+M

[Question]:Had+S+V

+C+M?

Key words

Before-oldin

After-keyin

I watched TV at home after I had washed my car.After I had lost my pen,I didn’t

do my homework.I had played football with my friends very hard before I was

very tired.By 2020,I had not lived in Tashkent.

Past perfect continuous

Past perfect continuous o’tgan zamonda sodir bo’layotgan malum bir ishdan

oldin sodir bo’lib kelayotgan ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+had+been+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+had+not+been+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Had+S+been+V

ing

+C+M?

Key words

Before-oldin

After-keyin

I had been taking bins before I was cleaning the room.After I had been speaking

with Tony,I was playing my pen.Someone had been opening the door before we

were having lesson.By 2018,I had not been smoking cigarette.

Future perfect

Future perfect kelajakda malum bir vaqtda sodir bo’lib tugagan ish harakatlar

uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+will+have+V

+C+M

[Negative]:S+will+not+have+V

+C+M

[Question]:Will+S+have+V

+C+M?

I will have finished this work before you return.I will have buy that new car by the

end of this month.I myself will have done this work by tomorrow.

Future perfect continuous

Future perfect continuous kelajakda malum bir vaqtgacha davom etib

kelayotgan (mumkin tugagan) ish harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+will+have+been+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+will+not+have+been+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Will+S+have+been+V

ing

+C+M?

He will have been visiting to the USE in 2025.Uzbekistan will have been

developing by the 2030

year.They will have been playing football by 6.00.

Passive voice

Passive voice majhullik nisbati bo’lib gapni egasiz bo’lishidir.Agar gapda

Complement bo’lmasa uning passive shaklini yasab bo’lmaydi.

Present simple passive:

[Positive]:C+am/is/are+V

[Negative]:C+am/is/are+not+V

[Question]:Am/is/are+C+V

+M?

Car is driven every day.The most interesting film is watched every week.Books

are read in free time.

Present continuous passive:

[Positive]:C+am/is/are+being+V

[Negative]:C+am/is/are+not+being+V

[Question]:Am/is/are+C+being+V

+M?

TV is being watched at the moment.Tennis is being played now.A lot of words are

being written to board at this time.

Past simple passive:

[Positive]:C+was/were+V

[Negative]:C+was/were+not+V

[Question]:Was/were+C+V

+M?

Two glasses were broken yesterday.Wall of our room was painted last week.Your

neighbor’s home was destroyed in a magicway last week.

Past continuous passive:

[Positive]:C+was/were+being+V

[Negative]:C+was/were+not+being+V

[Question]:Was/were+C+being+V

+M?

The article was not being translated at 8 o’clock last night.This car was being

repaired at lunch time yesterday.The meal was being cooked in our house last

Friday.

Future simple passive:

[Positive]:C+will+be+V

[Negative]:C+will+not+be+V

[Question]:Will+C+be+V

+M?

The bridge will be built next year.These wolves will be killed tomorrow.Those

questions will not be answered next month.

Perfect passive

Present perfect passive:

[Positive]:C+Have/Has+been+V

[Negative]:C+Have/Has+not+been+V

[Question]:Have/Has+C+been+V

+M?

Our room has already been cleaned by us.All of his tasks have been done.New

buildings ever built centre of Kasansay.

Past perfect passive:

[Positive]:C+had+been+V

[Negative]:C+had+not+been+V

[Question]:Had+C+been+V

+M?

Before we come here,the wall of their home had been painted by them.The

window of this room had been broken (by John).Fast food had not been cooked

(by my sister).

Future perfect passive:

[Positive]:C+will+have+been+V

[Negative]:C+will+not+have+been+V

[Question]:Will+C+have+been+V

+M?

Seven band score from IELTS will have been taken by December(by John).Will

deep have been dug by tomorrow?All of assassins have not been sent by next

week.

To be+Going to(Passive)

To be going to biror kishining xohish istagi yoki ishtiyoqini ifodalash uchun

ishlatiladi va (moqchi) manosiga o’xshash mano beradi.

[Positive]:S+to be+going to+V

+C+M

[Negative]:S+to be+not+going to+V

+C+M

[Question]:To be+S+going to+V

+C+M?

To be -->am,is,are,was,were

I am going to buy a new car tomorrow.John was going to sleep yesterday.Are you

going to buy smart phone now?

To be going to passive

[Positive]:C+to be+going to+be+V

[Negative]:C+to be+not+going to+be+V

[Question]:To be+C+going to+be+V

+M?

A new buildings is not going to be built in our street.A new car was going to be

created(by Ferrari).Those bats were going to be killed (by John).

Used to(Passive)

Used to o’tgan zamonda odatlangan ish harakatlarga ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+used to+V

+C+M

[Negative]:S+used+not+V

+C+M

[Question]:Used+S+V

+C+M?

For example:I used to watch foreign movies.I used not learn English language in

the past.Used John swim at schoo?

[To be used to+noun/V

ing

] Hozirgi zamonda odatlangan ish harakatlarga

ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+to be+used to+noun/V

ing

[Negative]:S+to be+not+used to+noun/V

ing

[Question]:To be+S+used to+noun/V

ing

For example:I am used to hot weather.We are used to playing football with your

friends every week.

To be+used to+V

ing

Present continuous hozirda odatlanib borilayotgan ish

harakatlar uchun ishlatiladi.

[Positive]:S+to be+used to+V

ing

[Negative]:S+to be+not+used to+V

ing

[Question]:To be+S+used to+V

ing

I am used to drinking the blue tea.John is not used to waking up.

Used to passive

[Positive]:C+used to+be+V

[Negative]:C+used+not+to+be+V

[Question]:Used+C+be+V

+M?

The football used to be played with my friends by me.(Futbol men tomonimdan

do’stlarim bilan o’ynalar edi)

Irregular verbs

INFINITIVE

PAST SIMPLE

PAST PARTICIPLE

Was/were

Been

Beat

Beaten

Become

Became

Become

Begin

Began

Begun

Bend

Bent

Bet

Bite

Bit

Bitten

Blow

Blew

Blown

Break

Broke

Broken

Bring

Brought

Build

Built

Burst

Buy

Bought

Catch

Caught

Choose

Chose

Chosen

Come

Came

Come

Cost

Cut

Deal

Dealt

Dig

Dug

Did

Done

Draw

Drew

Drawn

Drink

Drank

Drunk

Drive

Drove

Driven

Eat

Ate

Eaten

Fall

Fell

Fallen

Feed

Fed

Feel

Felt

Fight

Fought

Find

Found

Fly

Flew

Flown

Forbid

Forbade

Forbidden

Forget

Forgot

Forgotten

Forgive

Forgave

Forgiven

Freeze

Froze

Frozen

Get

Got

Give

Gave

Given

Went

Gone

Grow

Grew

Grown

Hang

Hung

Have

Had

Hear

Heard

Hide

Hid

Hidden

Hit

Hold

Held

Hurt

Keep

Kept

Know

Knew

Known

Lay

Laid

Lead

Led

Leave

Left

Lend

Lent

Let

Lie

Lay

Lain

Light

Lit

Lose

Lost

Make

Made

Mean

Meant

Meet

Met

Pay

Paid

Put

Read

Ride

Rode

Ridden

Ring

Rang

Rung

Rise

Rose

Risen

Run

Ran

Run

Say

Said

See

Saw

Seen

Seek

Sought

Sell

Sold

Send

Sent

Set

Sew

Sewed

Sewn/sewed

Shake

Shook

Shaken

Shine

Shone

Shoot

Shot

Show

Showed

Shown

Shrink

Shrank

Shrunk

Shut

Sing

Sang

Sung

Sink

Sank

Sunk

Sit

Sat

Sleep

Slept

Speak

Spoke

Spoken

Spend

Spent

Split

Spread

Soread

Spring

Sprang

Sprung

Stand

Stood

Steal

Stole

Stolen

Stick

Stuck

Sting

Stung

Stink

Stank

Stunk

Strike

Struck

Swear

Swore

Sworn

Sweep

Swept

Swim

Swam

Swum

Swing

Swung

Take

Took

Taken

Teach

Taught

Tear

Tore

Torn

Tell

Told

Think

Thought

Throw

Threw

Thrown

Understand

Understood

Wake

Woke

Woken

Wear

Wore

Worn

Win

Won

Write

Wrote

Written

Modal verb(Modal+have)(Passive)(Continuous)

Modal fellar do,does,will kabi yordamchi fel hisoblanadi.Modal fellarni

yordamchi fellardan asosiy farqlaridan biri gapdagi zamonni aniqlashdan tashqari

asosiy felga mano jihatidan o’zgartirish bera oladi.

Can-qila olmoq,qo’ldan kelmoq yani qobiliyatni anglatadi,undan keyin faqat V

ishlatiladi.Can-ning 2-chi ishlatilishi biror kishidan biror ishni bajarishi yoki

bajarmaslikni so’rash uchun ishlatiladi.(Uddalay olaman manosida ham keladi): I

can ride a horse.I cannot draw a picture.She can sing. Can I drive this car at this

time?Can I speak at Arabic language now?

Could-Can ning o’tgan zamon shakli bo’lib o’tgan zamonda qobiliyat manosida

keladi(When I was a child,I could play the piano.She could not behave perfectly in

her childhood.Could you dance in the club in your childhood.)Could ni hozirgi

zamonda ham ishlata olamiz,faqat bunda u can ning sinonimi sifatida so’roq

gaplarda muloyimlik bilan biror narsani so’rashda ishlatiladi:Could you give me a

hand,please?Could you repeat your question once more,please?

May-present va future zamonlarida,Ruxsat va ehimol manosida ishlatiladi:May I

go out?,May I come in?You may speak in uzbek language.

Might-May ning o’tgan zamon shakli bo’lib o’tgan zamonda ruxsat va ehtimol

manosida ishlatiladi:(I might come to lesson yesterday.Might I ask from teacher to

enter the room but teacher didn’t permit to enter.)Might ni hozirgi zamonda May

ni sinonimi sifatida ishlata olamiz lekin ehtimolligi juda past bo’ladi(20%):We

might run now.

Must-o’zbek tilida kerak deb tarjima qilinadi .Must present va futureda

ishlatiladi.Must Negative gaplarda 100% bo’lib keladi:They must go to America

tomorrow.I must buy a new phone.

Have to-ham shart deb tarjima qilinadi va ko’pincha kitobiy qonunlarga

ishlatiladi.Have to Positive gaplar uchun 100% bo’lib keladi(All people have to

change dollor in bank.I don’t have to enter to cinema.Does she have to arrive to

my home?)Have to to’g’ri keladi manosida ham keladi(If you can’t come to the

lesson on time,You will not have to enter to lesson)

Must va Have to ni o’tgan zamon shakli Had to shakliga o’zgaradi:I had to cook

the cake yesterday.I didn’t have to fix this TV yesterday.I had to fix this TV

yesterday.

Should,ought to-kerak deb tarjima qilinadi.Ko’pincha maslahat berishda

ishlatiladi.Should-ni Speak uchun va Ought to-ni esa Write uchun ko’proq

ishlatamiz:

Had better-kerak,yaxshiroq bo’lardi deb tarjima qilinadi.Bu modal ham

maslahat berishda ishlatiladi,agar ushbu maslahatga amal qilinmasa,bu salbiy

oqibatga olib kelishi mumkin:You had better practice a lot.Otherwise,you may fail

from the final exam.

Need to-Zarur kerak deb tarjima qilinadi(Need+not+V1)(Need+S+V1):I need to

do this work.

To be+able to+V1 bu modal Can modalga sinonim hisoblanadi yani qobiliyat

manosida keladi:You are ablo to create.

Modal verb+have+V

Could+have+V

(qo’lidan kela oladigan lekin qila olmagan)They could have met

with their relatives.

May/Might+have+V

(bo’lishi mumkin edi ammo bo’lmagan):He may have

wiped the our mirror fully.

Must+have+V

(O’tgan zamonda holatga qarab keying holatga xulosa chiqarish

uchun ishlatiladi):She must have made up beside her friends because they had

some perfume.

Should/ought to+have+V

(O’tgan zamonda qilishi kerak bo’lgan ishni qilmagan):

Most people should have come to authoritiy to take their pension on time.

Modal passive

[Positive]:C+Modal verb+be+V

[Negative]:C+Modal verb+not+be+V

[Question]:Modal verb+C+be+V

+M?

Modal continuous

[Positive]:S+Modal verb+be+V

ing

+C+M

[Negative]:S+Modal verb+not+be+V

ing

+C+M

[Question]:Modal verb+S+be+V

ing

+C+M?

Conditionals

Conditionals bu shart mayli bo’lib if qatnashgan gaplar uchun ishlatiladi va uning

5 xil turi mavjud:

1)Zero conditional-->Bu sodir bo’lishi aniq 99% natijali narsalarga ,ko’proq tabiiy

faktlarga ishlatiladi.

If+Present simple,S+Present simple

If temperature of water is below 0 C,it freezes.If the summer comes,the

weather gets warm.If the water boils,it steams.

2)The first conditional-->Bu sodir bo’lishi ehtimoli bor yoki natijasi 50% ga 50%

bo’lgan ish harakatlarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

If+Present simple,S+will/modal verb+V

+C+M.

If I loosemy phone,I may find it.If my pen does not write,I will buy a new one.If I

do my job,I can go home.

3)The second conditional-->Bu ayni paytda biz uchun haqiqiy bo’lmagan yani

tasavvuriy narsalarga va sodir bo’lishi ehtimoli yo’q bo’lgan ishlarga

ishlatiladi.Bunda biz hozirgi zamon vaqtini ham ishlata olamiz.

If+Past simple(I were you),S+could/would/might+V

+C+M

If I did my homework,my teacher would not put ’’2’’.If I were you,I would kick a

goal.If I had much money,I could buy airplane.

4)The third conditional-->Bu o’tgan zamonda sodir bo’lib bo’lgan ish

harakatlarga ishlatiladi va uning natijasi o’tgan zamonda bo’lib bo’lgan

bo’ladi.Hozirgi vaqtga natijasini aloqasi bo’lmaydi.

If+Past perfect,S+could/would/might+have+V

+C+M

If my brother had not gone to army 1 year ago,His arm would not have been

broken.If my dad had been in Moscow,He might have sent a laptop.If I had gone

to Toshkent,Iwould have learn English.

5)Mixed conditional-->Bu o’tgan zamonda sodir bo’lib bo’lgan ish harkatlarga

ishlatamiz va uning natijasi hozirga tasir qiladi.

If+Past perfect+M.T,S+could/would/might+V

+C+M+now

If I had begun to learn English a year ago,I would communicate in it perfectly

now.If you had asked so many questions from teacher last lesson,He might be

upset at the moment.

Unless=If not

If I don’t be late,I will not take a taxi.

Unless I be late,I will not take a taxi.

If I didn’t eat cake,I would not be ill.

Unless Iate cake,I would not be ill.

If you don’t have money,you can’t buy this watch.

Unless you have money,you can’t buy this watch.

Conjuction

IN CASE manosi mabodo ehtimol bo’lib bundan keyin faqat ish harakatli gap

keladi lekin future simple ishlatib bo’lmaydi.

For example:In case my friends play football today,I will take a ball.In case the

teacher did not put minus,I did my homework yesterday.

IN CASE OF dan keyin faqat favqulotda vaziyatlarga taalluqli bo’lgan otlar keladi.

For example:In case of fire,All leave this building now.In case of air crash,escape

to far.

AS LONG AS,PROVIDING/PROVIDED [THAT] bu so’zlarningbarchasini manosi bir

xil faqatgina,bo’lsagina,bo’lsa bo’ldi deb tarjima qilinadi.Bulardan keyin ish

harakatli gap keladi lekin future simple kelmaydi.

For example:As long as you have your passport,you can enter this

building.Provided that I have much money,I pass from session.Providing that you

remember a lot of words,you can speak.

ALTHOUGH,THOUGH,EVEN THOUGH bu so’zlarning manosi ga qaramasdan deb

tarjima qilinadi.Even though da hattoki manosida ham kelishi mumkin.Bulardan

keyin ham ish harakatli gap kelishi kerak.bu so’zlarning barchasi gapning boshida

keladi,faqat Though gap oxirida ham keladi va nima bo’lsa ham,har qanday

holatda ham deb tarjima qilinadi(bazida):I have come to the lesson although it is

raining today.Noone like her attitude,she is absolutely gorgeous though.Even

though you had money at that time,I did my homework.

DESPITE,IN SPITE OF bu so’zlarning manosi ham ga qaramasdan bo’lib bular

quyidagi struktura bilan qo’llaniladi.

Despite/in spite of+noun/V

ing

/the fact that+S+V+C+M

For example:Despite the rain,We went out.In spite of some serious grammatical

mistake in his essay,Our teacher put him 5 grade.Despite the fact that it is

snowing outside,We are working.

BECAUSE,SINCE bu so’zlardan keyin ish haraktli gap kelsa manosi sababli tufayli

deb tarjima qilinadi.

For example:Because I did this work,I got reworded.Since my university is far

away from my house,I always take a taxi.Because I was ill,I made meal for

myself.Since you did not call me,I did not go there.

BECAUSE OF/OWING TO/DUE TO bu so’zlardan keyin quyidagi struktura kelsa

manosi sababli,tufayli deb tarjima qilinadi.

BECAUSE OF/OWING TO/DUE TO+noun/V

ing

+the fact that+S+V+C+M

For example:Because of you,I did this work.Owing to his bad intention,His father

punished him.Due to rain,We concelled the tour.Due to the fact that he drank

alcohol,He got damaged.

AS,LIKE bu so’zlardan keyin noun/V

ing

kelsa dek,kabi deb tarjima qilinadi.As kelsa

qaralayotgan so’zning o’zidek tushuniladi.Like kelsa qaralayotgan so’zga o’xshash

bo’lib tushuniladi:[I work as a teacher-Men o’qituvchidek ishlayman(haqiqiy)]

[I work like a teacher-Men o’qituvchidek ishlayman(bu yerda o’qituvchiga

o’xshash bo’lib ishlaydi,ammo u boshqa kasb egasi)]

For example:I worked lika a dog.I will be famous like my father.Bobur is playing as

a sportsman now.

As soon as bunda bilanoq degan manosi keladi va bundan keyin faqat gap

keladi.:As soon as I entered the room,the students looked at me.As soon as I go

home,I will call you.

Both…and… bu structura gapda kelsa ham ham deb tarjima qilinadi.

For example:I do not know both swimming and running.Both he and me did not

go to school yesterday.I like both Real Madrid and Juventus.

Either…or…bu struktura gapda kelsa yo yo deb tarjima qilinadi.

For example:My uncle is working either Russia or Korea now.Either one of my

friends or one of my neighbors helped me.

Neither…nor…bu sruktura gapda kelsa na na deb tarjima qilinadi.

For example:There is neither sheep nor cow in our house.I know neither pilav nor

soup cooking.

Not only…but also…bu struktura gapda kelsa Nafaqat…balki ham deb tarjima

qilinadi.

For example:You have not only computer but also TV.He bought not only my

phone but also John’s phone yesterday.

Addition to Remork[Izohga qo’shimcha]

[Positive]:1)S+V+C+M+also/too

2)S+auxiliary+too

3)So+auxiliary+S

For example:She can cook delicious cakes.

1)I can cook delicious cakes too/also.

2) I can too

3)So can I

[Negative]:1)S+Negative auxiliary+V+C+M+either

2)S+Negative auxiliary+either

3)Nor/Neither+auxiliary+S

For example:They do not steal that money.

1)We do not steal that money either.

2)We do not either

3)Nor/Neither do

Common Tag.Question Tag

Common Tag ni biz aytilgan gapda so’zlovchining fikriga tinglovchining

munosabatini yoki reaksiyasini bildiradi va gapdan keyin ‘’—‘’qo’yiladi.

Structura:[,,Positive’’ --- ,,Positive’’] [,,Negative’’ --- ,,Negative’’]

We are not among happy people.-Are not we?

There is a beautiful girl in your street.-Is there?

Question Tag ni biz aytilgan gapda tinglovchining fikrini so’rash uchun

ishlatamiz,bu holatda so’zlovchining o’zi aytadi.

Structura:[Positive , Negative] [Negative , Positive]

You are happy,Are not you? You are not happy,Are you?

I yani Men Subjecti uchun are to be si ishlatiladi:I am buying phone.Are not I?

Reported speech

Reported speech bu o’zlashtirma gaplar bo’lib bir odam ikkinchi odamning

gapini uchinchi odamga so’zlashishi yani gapni o’zlashtirib gapirishiga

aytiladi.Reported speechda 4 ta asosiy qoida bor:

1.Darak gapda Reported speech:_bosh qismi_,_asosiy qismi_.Agar gapning bosh

qismi Peresent bo’lsa asosiy qismi ham present bo’ladi.

He says:’’I live in Uzbekistan’’ or He says that he lives in Uzbekitan.

He says:’’I am reading a book now’’ or He says that he is reading a book.

Agar gapning bosh qismi past bo’lsa gapning asosiy qismi bir ekvivalent zamon

orqaga siljib yoziladi.

He said:’’I am reading a book’’ or He said: that he was reading a book.

2.General question yani Umumiy so’roq gaplar bo’lib gapning asosiy qismi so’roq

shaklda bo’ladi va if yoki whether orqali yasaladi.Reported speechda har doim

so’roq gap darak gapga o’zgaradi va olmoshlar ham o’zgaradi.Agar gapning bosh

qismi past bo’lsa yana zamon bir zamon orqaga siljiydi.

He asks:’’Do you live in Uzbekistan’’ or He asks if/whether I live in Uzbekistan.

He asked:’’Do you live in Uzbekistan’’ or He asked if/whether I lived in Uzb.

3.Special question yani maxsus so’roq so’zlar ishtirok etgan gaplar.Bunday

gaplarni yasashda biz maxsus so’roq so’zlarni o’zidan foydalanamiz va so’roq gap

darak gapga olmosh ham o’zgaradi.Agar gapning bosh qismi past bo’lsa yana

zamon bir zaomn orqaga siljiydi.

He asks:’’what book are you reading’’? or He asks what book I am reading.

He asked:what book are you rading’’? or He asked what book I was reading.

4.Buyruq gaplar.Agar bosh gap darak buyruq gap bo’lsa to orqali yasaymiz.Agar

inkor buyruq gap bo’lsa not to orqali yasaladi.Bu qoidada bosh gap qaysi

zamondaligi ahamiyatsiz va bir xil structurada yasaladi.

He tells:’’Open the window’’ or He tells to open the window.

He told:Do not open the window’’ or He told not to open the window.

Embeded sentences

Embeded sentence gapda ikki xil so’roq gapni birlashtirib ifodalash yoki darak

gap ichida so’roq gaplarni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.

Agar birinchi so’roq gap Present simple da bo’lsa undan keyin ikkinchi gapning

so’roq so’zi yozilib gapning davomi darak shaklda bo’ladi.

Agar ikkinchi gapda so’roq gap bo’lmasa If yoki Whether yozilib gapning davomi

darak shaklda bo’ladi.

Why/Who/Where/Which/How long/How/Whom/What/

Agar birinchi gap o’tgan zamonda bo’lsa,birinchi gap yozilib davomiga ikkinchi

gapning so’roq so’zi yozilib so’roq so’zidan keyin ikkinchi gap bitta past ekvivalent

zamonda yozilib darak shaklida yoziladi.

Relative clause

Relative clause-->Bu qo’shma so’zlar bo’lib 2-ta mano jihatdan bir biriga

bog’liq

bo’lgan soda gaplarni bitta umumiy murakkab gapga aylantirish uchun ishlatiladi

Who-kim?...to show personor animal

Which-qaysi?...to show things or objects

When-qachon?...use to show the exact time of the action

Where-qayerda?...to show happening place of the action

Why-nega?...to show reason of sath

Whose-kimning?...to show possessive form of living hings

That-hammasi uchun o’rinli

1.John is my best friend at school.2.He studies English well.

John who studies English well is my best friend at scholl.

1.Did you buy a phone last week?2.The phone was very expensive.

Did you buy a phone which was very expensive last week?

1..Germany started world war II in 1941.2.A.Temur came to Samarkand in 1941.

Germany started world war II in 1941 when A.Temur came to Samarkand.

1.I went to Tashkent 2 years ago.2.Tashkent is capital of Uzbekistan.

I went to Tashkent where is the capital of Uzbekistan 2 years ago.

1.John goes to school every day.2.John’s laptop is broken.

John whose laptop is broken goes to school every day.

Mavzular

1.Numbers

2.Simple sentence structure

3.Singular and Plural

4.Countable and Uncountable noun

5.To be

6.Pronoun

7.Articles

8.Possessive form

9.There+To be

10.Have got/Has got

11.Adjactive

12.Adverb

13.Some/Any

14.Too,So/Such,Enough

15.Prepositions

16.Present simple

17.Present continuous

18.Past simple

19.Past continuous

20.Future simple

21.Future continuous

22.Present perfect

23.Present perfect continuous

24.Past perfect

25.Past perfect continuous

26.Future perfect

27.Future perfect continuous

28.Passive voice

29.Perfect passive

30.To be going to(passive)

31.Used to(passive)

32.Irregular verbs

33.Modal verbs

34.Conditional

35.Conjuction

36.Addition to Remork

37.Common Tag,Question Tag

38.Reported speech

39.Embeded sentences

40.Relative clause

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