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9 Hedging and Criticising
However, it is not difficult to hedge your propositions. Hedging is unlikely to
compromise the publication of your paper and in most cases will increase it, as
illustrated in S3 and S4 (which are revised versions of S1 and S2):
S3. Although many authors have investigated how PhD students write papers,
we believe / as
far as we know / to the best of our knowledge
this is the first attempt to systematically
analyze all the written output (papers, reports, grant proposals, CVs etc.) of such
students.
S4. Our
results would seem to demonstrate that students from humanistic fields produce more
written work than students from the pure sciences and
this may be due to the fact that
humanists are generally more verbose than pure scientists.
Obviously you don’t need to ‘hedge’ every time you use the verbs
show, demon-
strate, reveal
etc. So for example, you can say:
Table 2 shows that X had higher
values than Y
.
You only need to consider ‘hedging’ when you are making a big statement that
could be open to interpretation or contention. In S5 the author is making a claim
that goes against currently accepted knowledge (or myth) that cats are smarter than
dogs.
S5. *Our results
prove that dogs are more intelligent than cats.
S5 would be better rewritten as one of the following:
S6. Our results
would seem to indicate that dogs are more intelligent than the cats.
S7. A
possible conclusion
would be that dogs …
S8. Our results
may be a demonstration that dogs …
S9. At
least in terms of our sample, dogs
appeared to be more intelligent …
The examples in this subsection highlight that hedging often simply involves:
adding a few words before making your claim: e.g.
•
we believe
(S3),
would seem to (S4,
S6)
adding an adjective or adverb: e.g.
•
possible
(S7),
generally (S4)
replacing verbs that indicate 100% certainty, for example
•
prove, demonstrate is
(and other
forms of the verb
to be) with
may be (S4, S8).
Of course, there are more subtle ways of hedging. An example of a very famous
hedging statement is when James Watson and Francis Crick presented the structure
of the DNA-helix in their famous 1953 paper. They wrote:
It has not escaped our notice that
the specific pairing
we have postulated immediately
suggests a possible
copying mechanism for the genetic material.
As a non-native speaker, you cannot be expected to write in such a subtle way. But
at the same time, if you are not already well established in your field, you cannot
afford to state as one of your findings that:
This structure has
novel features which are of
considerable biological interest.
The above quotation is again from the same paper by Watson and Crick.