English for chemists

Oil is callcd petroleum by the English. 2. Olive oil is used for cooking.

3. 
   Iodine is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly metallic lustre.
   
4. 
   A beautiful lustre was hanging in the room. 5. Men arc usually stronger than women. 6. A strong solution of sodium chloride was prepared.
   

Text 9 A
The Halogens

Halogens may have interested chemists since early times, for they possess unique properties. They must have interested scientists as all of them, F2, Cl>, Br2 and I2, consist of diatomic molecules. We arc going to touch upon some of their properties in what follows.
Chlorinc (from Greek “chloros”, greenish-yellow), the most common of the halogens is a greenish-yellow gas with a sharp irritating odour. It

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was first made by ihc Swedish chcmist K. W. Schccic in 1774, by the action of manganese dioxide on hydrochloric acid. It is now manufactured on a large scale by the electrolysis of a strong solution of sodium chloridc.
The element bromine (from Greek “bromos”, stench) occurs in the form of compounds in small quantities in seawater and in natural salt deposits. It is an easily volatile, dark reddish-brown liquid with a strong disagreeable odour and an irritating cficct on the eyes and throat. It may producc painful sores when spilled on the skin. The free clement can be made by treating a bromide with an oxidizing agent, such as chlorinc.
The clement iodine (from Greek “iodcs”, violet) occurs as iodide ion, I2, in very small quantities in seawater, and, as sodium iodatc, NalOj, in deposits of Chile saltpeter. It is made commercially from sodium iodatc obtained from saltpeter, from kelp, which conccntratcs it from seawater, and from oil-well brines.
The free element is an almost black crystalline solid with a slightly metallic lustre. On gentle warming it gives a beautiful blue-violet vapour. Its solutions in chloroform, carbon tctrachloridc, and carbon disulphidc arc also bluc-violct in colour, indicating that the molecules I2 in these solutions closely resemble the gas molecules. The solutions of iodine in water containing potassium iodide and in alcohol (tincturc of iodine) arc brown; this changc in colour suggests that the iodine molecules have undergone chcmical reaction in these solutions. The brown compound K I3 , potassium-triiodidc, is present in the first solution, and a compound with alcohol in the second.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
alcohol, bromine, chloride, chlorine, common, diatomic, follow, be going to, halogen, hydrochloric acid, iodide, iodine, lustre, manganese, oil, possess, potassium, producc, quantity, on a large scale, sharp, sodium, suggest, tincture, touch, treat, unique, volatile
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
sincc early times, interest smb., possess unique properties, diatomic molecules, be going to, greenish-yellow, a sharp irritating odour, hydro­ chloric acid, be manufactured on a large scalc, a strong solution, occur in the form of compounds, a small quantity, natural salt deposits, be volatile, treat smth. with an oxidizing agent, a black crystalline solid, a slightly metallic lustre, on warming, resemble gas molcculcs, undergo chcmical reaction, be present in solution
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
галоген, состоять из двухатомных молекул, соляная кислота, в больших масштабах, электролиз раствора, раствор хлорида натрия, в морской воде, быть летучим, обладать уникальными свойствами,

3 Степаном ₆₅

окислитель, встречаться, в очень малых количествах, получать из морской воды, элемент в свободном состоянии, кристаллическое твердое вещество, металлический блеск, раствор йода в спирте, под­ вергаться реакции, находиться в растворе, предполагать (наводить на мысль)
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. in, o f with, on, by
1. All the halogens consist ... diatomic molecules. 2. The most common ... the halogens is chlorine. 3. Chlorine was first made ... the action... manganese dioxide... hydrochloric acid. 4. It was obtained by K.W. Schccic... 1774. 5. Now chlorinc is manufactured... a large scale
... the electrolysis ... a strong solution ... sodium chloride. 6. Bromine occurs... the form of compounds... small quantities. 7. Bromine has an irritating effect ... the eyes and throat. 8. Iodine is an almost black crystalline solid ... a slightly metallic lustre. 9. The I2 molecules ... the solutions ... chloroform, carbon tetrachloridc and carbon disulphide closcly resemble the gas molcculcs. 10. The solution iodine ... alcohol is brown... colour.
Ex. 9. a) Check up if you remember the following:

much		сравнительная степень	гораздо
,