English for chemists

Lesson 10
ГРАММАТИКА: Формы н употребление сослагательного наклонения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronouncc the following words:

с + e,i,y

с

ci

ch

tch ck

13. 
    place, act'd, central, presence, city, per cent, except, circle, c/nema, century, precipitate, decide, December, face, necessary, pcace, pencil, cycle, cyclic, cylinder, receive, process
    

13. 
    become, active, compose, occur, direct, combine, compound, electrode, application, react, prospect, collect, nitric, cold, according, effect, can, zinc, consider, picture
    

• 
  commercial, socialist, coefficient, special, effici­ ency, especially, dissociate, associate, sufficient, appreciable
  

13. 
    calcium, glacial, society, specific, specimen, dis­ sociation, association
    

_Wl such, which, chair, change, children, each, much,

rich, March, teach, choose, touch

13. 
    chemist, chcmistry, chemical, characteristic, chlorine, chloride, mechanical, technical
    

_[»л catch, watch, switch

13. 
    back, black, clock, hockey, quick, ticket, attack, check, nickel, thick
    

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b) laboratory [lo'borstn], curiosity [.kjuorf DSiti], available [o'veil obi], exhibit [tg'zibit], anhydrous [asn'haidrds], dilute [dai'lu:t], equation [i'kwei/эп], hydroxide [hai'droksaid], residue [‘rezidju:], approximately [o'proksimoth]
Ex. 2. Read the following words and say what Russian words help to understand their meanings:
gram, laboratory, mineral, per ccnt, characteristic, group, oxide, combination, halide, stable, hydrate, clcctrodc, potential, conccntratc, reaction, metallic, volt, spectral, line, analysis, method, extract, zinc, indium, material, collect, mass, cadmium, filter, filtrate, result, neutralize, basic, sulphite
Ex. 3. Pay attention to the following way of word-building:
основа слова + -ate [eit] [it] —» существительное sulphate, filtrate, precipitate, nitrate, carbonate
- ) [it] прилагательное accurate, immediate, appropriate

- » [eit] глагол

operate, separate, evaporate, precipitate, investigate, correlate, dissociate, formulate
основа слова + -у прилагательное watery, healthy, ordinary, necessary, spongy
основа слова + -able, -ible —>прилагательное (со значением воз­ можности)

[cibl] able, stable, unstable, enable [ibl] possible, sensible

[obi] agreeable, probable, capable, considerable, desirable, available
Ex. 4. Give the initial forms of the following words and find their meaning in a dictionary:
attempted, applications, quantities, exhibits, places, lies, series, extracting, ores, considered, leaving, boiled, analyses, composed, precipitated, halides, supplies, salts, curiosities
Ex. S. Define the meaning of the italicized words.
1. No commercial applications of indium were attempted for many years. 2. Their attempt to obtain pure indium was a success. 3. The available supply of indium at that time was only one gram. 4. Some compounds of indium were supplied for further analysis. 5. In(OH)j is precipitated from
an indium salt solution. 6. When KOH was added to an indium salt solution, a precipitate of In(OH)j was formed.

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Text 10 A
Indium
Indium was regarded as a laboratory curiosity for many years and no commercial applications were attempted until 1924. It would hardly be possible to think of its application, for the available supply at that time was only one gram, with no immediate prospects of more.

Indium seldom occurs in a mineral in quantities over 0.1 per ccnt. Several methods of extracting indium from its ores should have been

considered. According to one of them, indium-bearing zinc metal was treated with a quantity of dilute H:SQi which would dissolve almost all the material, leaving a residue of zinc. On this residue there was collected a spongy mass composed of lead, copper, cadmium, tin, arsenic, iron, and indium. Nitric acid was used to dissolve the spongy mass, after which the solution was evaporated with sulphuric acid. Lead sulphate was left behind on the filter. The filtrate was treated with NHj(aq) to precipitate In(OH)3 and Fe(OH)3 which were dissolved in HC1. The resulting solution was approximately neutralized and boiled with NaHSOj, which precipitated the basic sulphite, In:(SO})} *In(OH)3 *5H;0. The basic sulphite was dissolved in sulphuric acid and pure In(OH)} was obtained by the addition ofNHj(aq).
Indium exhibits properties characteristic of the aluminium group. Indium burns in air with a blue flame to form the scsquioxidc, ln:0 }. If
it were heated in the presence of halogens or sulphur, direct combination would take place. In each case indium goes to its highest oxidation state. The other halides (InX and InX:, where X is a halogen) have been prepared, with the possible exceptions of InF and InF:. Only the halides, InX), arc stable in the presence of water. There are three tri-fluorides of indium, the hydrates of the compositions InFj*3H:0 and InF3*9H;0 and the anhydrous salt, InFj. Most indium compounds are soluble in water.
W ords and W ord-Com binations to Be M emorized
acctic acid, addition, almost, aluminium, analysis, anhydrous, approxi­ mately, attempt, available, basic, boil, case, collect, compose, composition, dilute, direct, clcctrodc, equation, evaporate, cxccption, exhibit, cxtract, filter, fluoride, halide, hardly, hydroxide, indium, laboratory, lie, mass, material, most, nitric acid, oxidation, per ccnt, potential, precipitate, prevent, regard, residue, salt, seldom, scries, sulphite, soluble, supply, take placc, volt
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
attempt applications, regard smth. as, hardly, be available, immediate prospects, over 1 per ccnt, exhibit properties, bum with a blue flame, in the presence of, take placc, in each ease, oxidation state, with the cxccption of, be soluble in water, in the electromotive series, an clcctrodc potential, dilute acid, react with the evolution of hydrogen, together, concentrated

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acid, acctic acid, according to the equation, to have some cfTcct on smth., to dissolve almost all the material, the resulting solution
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
в течение многих лет, едва ли возможно, в количестве свыше 1 про­ цента, рассмотреть, несколько методов, разбавленная серная кисло­ та, почти все вещество, на фильтре, получающийся раствор, прояв­ лять характерные свойства, горсть на воздухе, прямое соединение, происходить (иметь место), в каждом случае, за исключением чего-то, в присутствии воды, безводная соль, большинство соединений, концентрированная кислота, по уравнению (согласно уравнению), спектральный анализ
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary. of, at, in, between, with, from, according to, for

	1....	many years indium was regarded as a laboratory curiosity. 2.								There
are several methods ...				extracting ...	indium ...	its ores. 3		.... one		... the
methods		... obtaining indium, indium-bearing zinc is treated...							dilute H;S04.
4.	Indium exhibits properties characteristic... the aluminium group. 5.									Indium
bums ...		air ...	a blue flame. 6. If indium is heated ...				the presence ...
halogens or sulphur, direct combination takes place. 7							each case indium
is	... its highest oxidation state. 8. Only the halides, InX3, arc stable									... the

presence ... water. 9. Most indium compounds are soluble ... water.

10. Indium lies... iron and tin... the electromotive series. 11. Characteristic

spectral blue lines ... indium occur... 451.1тц and 410.1 тц .
Ex. 9. a) Mind:
No article is used before nouns denoting some branch of science, the names of chemical elements and the word school.
Examples: 1. My younger sister goes to school.

2. 
   While at school 1 liked chemistry best.
   
3. 
   Indium has an clcctrodc potential of -+0.336 volt.
   

2. 
   Translate the sentences into English.
   

1. В университете мы изучаем математику, химию, физику, исто­ рию и английский язык. 2. Он не любит математику. 3. Она препода­ ст общую химию. 4. В школе мне нравился английский язык. 5. Ка­ кие предметы тебе нравились в школе? 6. Какие оценки у тебя были по химии? 7. Фтор — самый интересный из галогенов, так как он самый активный. 8. Моя сестра ходит в школу, больше всего ей нра­ вится русская литература. 9. Индий не встречается в больших коли­ чествах. 10. Некоторые элементы, такие, как кальций, железо, маг­ ний, играют важную роль в жизни живых организмов. 11. В природе бром встречается реже, чем хлор и фтор.

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Ex. 10. Translate the scntcnccs into Russian, paying attention to the subjunctive mood.
1. There would be no life without such elements as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, ctc. 2. It is ncccssary that the substanccs be pure. 3. The tcachcr suggested that the equation of the reaction be written on the blackboard. 4. The solution is diluted lest it be very strong. 5. They would do it once more if they had time. 6. The condition was made that the reaction should procccd slowly. 7. He should have told us about the new time-table. 8. She should have done it yesterday but she didn't know that her results were not accurate. 9. Heating or cooling would affect the state of water, but not its composition. 10. Dry gas would occupy less volume. 11. It would be difficult to find a more abundant element than oxygen. 12. The corrosion would procccd much more rapidly in the presence of oxygen. 13. Wc would begin the calculation but wc have no all the ncccssary data. 14. You should have known that these arc inflammable substanccs. 15. They should have described the properties of the substanccs that were obtained. 16. It would be true to say that experiment is the foundation of chcmistry. 17. The new apparatus would have given more accurate results. 18. It is essential that water should be turned into vapour. 19.1 wish she were right. 20.1 should have asked the tcachcr but I could not comc to the seminar. 21. They suggest that the experiment be started at once.
Ex. 11. Translate the scntcnccs into English.
1. Индий встречается в природе в очень незначительных количе­ ствах. 2. Свойства индия характерны для элементов III группы. 3. Ин­ дий горит на воздухе и образует окисел 1п20 3. 4. Большинство соеди­ нений индия растворимы в воде. 5. Разбавленная соляная кислота реагирует с индием с выделением водорода. 6. Уксусная кислота не растворяет индия. 7. Спектральный анализ показывает характерные для индия синие линии.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the scntcnccs.

1.