A unique event?
There has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by so
many people as English. There are therefore no precedents to help
us see what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world
status; and predictions about the future, as we saw in the remarks
72
Ferguson (1959).
189
ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE
of Noah Webster and Henry Sweet, have a habit of being wrong.
The balance between the competing demands of intelligibility and
identity is especially fragile, and can easily be affected by social
change, such as a swing in immigrant policy, new political alliances,
or a change in a country’s population trends.
The emergence of English with a genuine global presence
therefore has a significance which goes well beyond this particular
language. Because there are no precedents for languages achieving
this level of use (if we exclude Latin, which was in a sense ‘global’
when the world was much smaller), we do not know what hap-
pens to them in such circumstances. The investigation of world
English therefore provides a fresh testing-ground for sociolinguis-
tic hypotheses which previously had only regional validity, and a
domain where we may encounter new kinds of phenomena which
might one day motivate a global reconceptualization of that sub-
ject. What happens to a language when it is spoken by many times
more people as a second or foreign language than as a mother-
tongue? If English does one day go the same way as Latin and
French, and have less of a global role, the next languages to rise
(the potential of Spanish, Chinese, Arabic and Hindi/Urdu is
highlighted by Graddol (1998: 59)) will doubtless be subject to
the same governing factors. So far, although we have a general
sense of what these factors are, we have very little understand-
ing of how they interact, and of what happens to the structural
character of a language when it achieves a global presence.
If we cannot predict the future, we can at least speculate, and
there are some fascinating speculations to be made. It may well
be the case, as was intimated earlier, that the English language has
already grown to be independent of any form of social control.
There may be a critical number or critical distribution of speakers
(analogous to the notion of critical mass in nuclear physics) be-
yond which it proves impossible for any single group or alliance
to stop its growth, or even influence its future. If there were to be
a major social change in Britain which affected the use of English
there, would this have any real effect on the world trend? It is
unlikely. And, as we have seen, even the current chief player, the
USA, will have decreasing influence as the years go by, because of
the way world population is growing.
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The future of global English
In 500 years’ time, will it be the case that everyone will auto-
matically be introduced to English as soon as they are born (or,
by then, very likely, as soon as they are conceived)? If this is part
of a rich multilingual experience for our future newborns, this can
only be a good thing. If it is by then the only language left to be
learned, it will have been the greatest intellectual disaster that the
planet has ever known.
If there is a critical mass, does this mean that the emergence
of a global language is a unique event, in evolutionary terms? It
may be that English, in some shape or form, will find itself in the
service of the world community for ever.
191
References
Achebe, Chinua. 1964.
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