The media
These days, any consideration of politics leads inevitably to a
consideration of the role of the media. Indeed, if the erstwhile
anonymous author of the novel
Primary colors
is to be believed,
successful access to the media is the guarantor of political achieve-
ment, and much of a campaign staff member’s time is devoted to
ensuring that this will happen. At one point, Henry Burton, the
governor’s aide, reflects ruefully on the way the election campaign
was going wrong:
3
The Sunday morning papers had Freddie Picker being endorsed by the
governor of Pennsylvania and most of the state’s congressional delega-
tion. I read it as a civilian might, without a twinge. There had been days,
2
European Commission (2002b). See also Baker and Prys Jones (1998:
259).
3
Anonymous (1996: 330).
90
Why English? The cultural legacy
months
, when I could soar or dive on the hint of a nuance in a one-
paragraph item buried in
The Washington Post
; that had been my life.
But the campaign was over for me now.
In the novel, the media are at the centre of everyone’s life – the
press, radio, advertising, and especially television. Even the ‘hint
of a nuance’ can make a difference.
r
The press
The English language has been an important medium of the press
for nearly 400 years. As early as the first decades of the seven-
teenth century, several European countries were publishing rudi-
mentary newspapers, but censorship, taxation, wars, and other
constraints allowed little growth.
4
Progress was much greater in
Britain, though even in that country periods of censorship greatly
limited newspaper content until towards the end of the century.
The
Weekley Newes
began to appear (irregularly) from 1622; the
London Gazette
in 1666; and
Lloyd’s News
in 1696, providing
general news as well as information about shipping. American
developments, beginning somewhat later, included the
Boston
News-Letter
(1704),
The New-York Gazette
(1725), and the New
York City
Daily Advertiser
(1785). The beginning of the eigh-
teenth century in Britain saw the rise and fall of
The Tatler
(1709)
and
The Spectator
(1711), while the end brought the arrival of
The Times
(1788) and
The Observer
(1791).
The nineteenth century was the period of greatest progress,
thanks to the introduction of new printing technology and new
methods of mass production and transportation. It also saw the
development of a truly independent press, chiefly fostered in the
USA, where there were some 400 daily newspapers by 1850, and
nearly 2,000 by the turn of the century. Censorship and other
restrictions continued in Continental Europe during the early
decades, however, which meant that the provision of popular news
in languages other than English developed much more slowly.
4
For the history of the press, see
Encyclopaedia Britannica
(1986, Vol.
XXVI: 483ff.).
91
ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE
Massive circulations were achieved by such papers as the
New
York Herald
(1833) and
New York Tribune
(1841). Sensational-
ism brought even larger sales, and newspaper empires grew. In
Britain, taxation restricted the growth of the press in the first
half of the century, but
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