English and uzbek writers Uzbek literature



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English and uzbek writers Uzbek literature


English and uzbek writers
Uzbek literature, the body of written works produced by the Uzbek people of Central Asia, most of whom live in Uzbekistan, with smaller populations in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Although its roots stretch as far back as the 9th century, modern Uzbek literature traces its origins in large part to Chagatai literature a body of works written in the Turkic literary language of Chagatai. The earliest works of Chagatai literature date from the 14th century but remain easily accessible to readers of the modern Uzbek language. Modern Uzbek has today assumed the role once held by Chagatai, which all but vanished by the early 20th century, of being the reference language for Turkic historical and literary works in Central Asia.
The Classical Period
Uzbek literature’s classical period lasted from the 9th to the second half of the 19th century. During that period numerous literary works were produced, often under the patronage of Turkic emperors, kings, sultans, and emirs. The best-known patrons of the Turkic literature of the historical region known as Turkistan—which includes what is today Uzbekistan as well as a number of surrounding countries—include the Qarakhanids (10th–13th centuries); such Timurids (14th–16th centuries) as Timur (Tamerlane), ShahrukhUlūgh Beg, Ḥusayn Bayqarah, and Bābur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India; and ʿUmar Khan, a 19th-century ruler of the khanate of Kokand.
From the 10th to the 12th century, Uzbek written literature migrated from a Turkic script to an Arabic one. This transition opened Uzbek writers to the influence of Arabic literature; the result was that Uzbek literature underwent extensive changes as it adopted many of the forms and some of the language of Arabic poetry and prose. Works from this period include Yusuf Khass Hajib’s Kutudgu bilig (“Knowledge Which Leads to Happiness”; Eng. trans. The Wisdom of Royal Glory, written in 1069–70; Mahmud Kashgari’s Diwan lughat al-Turk Compendium of the Turkic Dialects, compiled in 1072–74; and Ahmad Yugnaki’s 12th-century Hibat al-haqaʾiq “Gift to Truths”, poem.
Among the other Central Asian poets who had a lasting influence on Uzbek literature is Ahmed Yesevi, a 12th-century religious poet who was a follower of the great Sufi leader Yūsuf Hamadhānī. Ahmed Yesevi’s poems—collected as Divan-i hikmet “Book of Wisdom”—constituted a new  of Central Asian Turkic literature: a religious folk poetry. He used a popular vernacular that borrowed little Arabic and Persian and that featured a Turkic syllabic metre.
Chagatai—which would eventually evolve into modern Uzbek—assumed its classical shape in the works of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī, an outstanding thinker and great poet as well as a famous literary patron of his time. He was also a statesman and a prominent member of the court of the sultan Ḥusayn Bayqarah. Navāʾī’s influence on the Turkic writers of Central Asia—and especially on Uzbek writers—cannot be overestimated. Among his four divans, which contain tens of thousands of lines of lyrical verse written in Chagatai, are examples of almost every literary genre practiced during the 14th and 15th centuries. He also wrote ghazals in Persian under the name Fāni. Navāʾī’s important works include Lisān ul-tayr “The Language of the Birds”), a mystical masnawi poem in couplets) completed in 1498; Majālis-i nefaʾīs 1491; “The Exquisite Assemblies”, a prose work in which Navāʾī gave brief descriptions of the major poets of the 14th and 15th centuries; and Mizan al-awzan 1498; “The Balance of Metres”, a treatise on the Turkic prosodic system. He was also the author of a number of historical and scientific treatises, the most important of which is Muhakamat al-lughatayn 1499; “Judgment on Two Languages”, which compares the relative merits of the Persian and Chagatai languages.
English writers
List of English writers lists writers in English, born or raised in England (or who lived in England for a lengthy period), who already have Wikipedia pages. References for the information here appear on the linked Wikipedia pages. The list is incomplete – please help to expand it by adding Wikipedia page-owning writers who have written extensively in any genre or field, including science and scholarship. Please follow the entry format. A seminal work added to a writer's entry should also have a Wikipedia page. This is a subsidiary to the List of English people. There are or should be similar lists of Irish, Scots, Welsh, Manx, Jersey, and Guernsey writers.
William Shakespeare
Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer’s Day?’
Starting with Shakespeare is like starting with the ABC. However, quoting Shakespeare in this list is necessary, essential and something we owe to human-kind! The importance of his work is evident in the fact that around 3,000 words he created are still used in contemporary English today. Shakespeare was alternative, with a bohemian style, but also a brilliant businessman and sometimes an actor for his own shows. Othello, The Tempest, Midsummer Night’s Dream and The Merchant of Venice are some of the 37 plays he wrote during his lifetime. If we also consider the 154 sonnets he created, it is easily understood why he is considered to be one of the most prolific and powerful writers of all the time.






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