Engineering data book

Partial Draw-off 19-27
Partial Volumes of Spheres in U.S. Gallons 6-24
P Controller 4-3
PD Controller 4-3
Peak Shaving 1-6
PECOFacet 7-38, 7-39, 7-40, 7-41
Pelton Wheel 12-2
Peng Robinson 25-9
Pentane-plus 1-6
Petroleum Fractions, Specific Gravity of 23-19, 23-21
Petroleum Measurement Standards, Manual of 3-2
Petroleum Refinery Piping Code, The 17-28
Phase Envelope 24-1
Phase Equilibria 25-1
Basic Equation of State Forms 25-9
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling 25-9
Other Phase Equilibria Methods 25-9
Electrolytic Models 25-10
Mixed Models 25-10
Peng Robinson 25-9
Practical Application of Phase Equilibria Methods 25-10
Amine Treating 25-11
Complex Systems to Model 25-10
Sour Water 25-11
Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Soave Redlich-Kwong 25-9
van der Waals 25-9
Equations of State and the Solid Phase 25-12
Multi-Component (3 or More) Triple Points 25-13
Simulation Tools for Predicting Solids 25-13
Single-Component Triple Points 25-12
Two-Component Triple Point Locus Lines 25-12
Flash Calculation Problem 25-2
Carbon Dioxide 25-3
CO
2
-Ethane Separation 25-4
Separation of CO
2
and H
2
S 25-5
Separation of CO
2
and Methane 25-3
K-Data Charts 25-1
Sources 25-3
Methods 25-6
Equations of State (EOS) 25-6
Historical Development of EOS for Phase Equilibria 25-7
Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 25-1
Phase Equilibria Methods 25-6
Recent EOS Advancements 25-8
PHEs, Fowling Factors 9-32
Physical Constants 23-2–23-3
Notes 23-5
References 23-9
Physical Properties 23-1
Acentric Factor 23-28
Boiling Points 23-27
Computer Prediction Methods 23-10
Critical Properties 23-28
Data for Pure CO
2
, and CO
2
/H
2
S Mixtures 23-25
Gross Heating Value of Natural Gases 23-41
Corrections for Water Content 23-42
Cost of Gas 23-42
Gross Heating Value 23-42
Hypothetical State 23-41
Ideal Gas 23-42
Net Heating Value 23-42
Real Gas 23-41
Specific Gravity
23-42
Z-Factor 23-42
Hydrocarbon Fluid Densities 23-17, 23-18
Data and Correlations 23-17
Specific Heat 23-43
Surface Tension 23-36
Mixtures 23-36
Pure Components 23-36
Thermal Conductivity 23-33, 23-36
Thermal Conductivity of Pure CO
2
and CO
2
/ H
2
S Mixtures 23-
36
Transport Property References 23-36
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Helium 23-36
Units and Conversion Factors 23-8
Vapor Pressure 23-27, 23-28
Viscosity 23-31
Calculation of Gas Mixture Viscosity 23-31
Viscosity of Petroleum Fractions 23-31
Viscosity of Pure CO
2
and CO
2
/ H
2
S Mixtures 23-33
Z-Factor and Density for Gases 23-10
Natural Gas Mixtures 23-11
Pure Gases 23-10
Physical Solvent 21-1
PI Controller 4-3
PID Controller 4-3
Pigging 1-6
Pilot Operated Relief Valves 5-7
Pipe and Flange Data 17-28
Pipeline Gas 1-6
Piston Equipped with Teflon
®
Piston and Wear Rings for a Single-
acting Non-Lubricated Cylinder 13-13
Plan Views of Aircoolers 10-2
Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers (Brazed Aluminum) 9-21
Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 9-31
Pneumatic Actuated Valves Controlling Four Fixed Pockets in 
Compressor for Five-Step Control 13-14
Pneumatic Power Supplies 4-4
Adequate Capacity 4-4
Filtering and Regulation 4-4
Hydraulic Powered Devices 4-4
Non-Air Systems 4-4
Proper Distribution 4-4
Pneumatic Transmitters 4-14
Pool Boiling Curve 9-12
Positive Displacement Meter, Example of 3-18
Power Factor 18-3
Power Requirements, Estimated 21-16
Power Transmissions 12-16
ppmv 21-1
Prefabricated Tank Heater 9-20
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram 14-3
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for HFC-134a 14-27

---

xxi
Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
17-27
Pressure Control at Constant Speed 13-36, 13-37
Pressure Control at Variable Speed 13-36
Pressure Drop for Flowing Water 17-13
Pressure Drop for Fluids Flowing Inside Tubes 10-13
Pressure Drop for Hydrocarbon Liquids in Smooth Pipe 17-14
Pressure Drop in Steam Pipes by Fritzsche’s Formula 17-15
Pressure Enthalpy Diagram for HFC-410a 14-26
Pressure Equivalents 1-12
Pressure Loss Due to Friction 17-3
Pressure on Entropy (Correction for Real Fluids), Effect of 24-15
Pressure on Entropy (Simple Fluid), Effect of 24-14
Pressure Ratio Efficiency Correction Factor, Non-Condensing 
Turbines 15-7
Pressure Relief Valves
Balanced Bellows 5-9
Conventional 5-9
Pilot Operated 5-10
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) 18-7
Pressure vs. Temperature of HFC-134a 14-27
Prime Movers for Mechanical Drives 15-1
A-C Motor Type and Selection 15-18
Auxiliaries 15-23
Bearings 15-23
Couplings 15-27
Flexible Couplings 15-27
Rigid Couplings 15-27
Design Factors 15-26
Bearings 15-26
Dynamic Balance 15-27
Gears 15-27
Housings 15-26
Pinions 15-27
Seals 15-27
Shafts 15-26
Gear Ratings 15-26
Durability 15-26
Horsepower 15-26
Scuffing Temperatures 15-26
Strength 15-26
Gears 15-23
Gearing 15-23
High Speed Gears 15-23
Speed Increasers and Reducers 15-23
Surface Finish 15-23
Lubrication 15-27
Vibration Monitoring 15-27
Auxiliary Systems 15-11
Acoustics 15-13
Air Filtration 15-12
Coalescers 15-12
High Efficiency Media 15-12
Inertial 15-12
Marine or Demister 15-12
Prefilters 15-12
Self-Cleaning 15-12
Lube Systems 15-11
Electrical System 15-18
Induction Motors 15-18
Motor Voltage 15-19
Speed 15-18
3000 to 3600 rpm 15-18
514 to 720 rpm 15-19
900 to 1800 rpm 15-18
Below 514 rpm 15-19
Synchronous Motors 15-18
Electric Motors 15-18
Gas Turbine Cycles 15-11
Combined Cycle 15-11
Regenerative Ideal Brayton Cycle 15-11
Simple Open Cycle 15-11
Gas Turbine Performance 15-13
Emissions 15-15
Gas Turbines 15-9
Compact, Lightweight Design 15-9
General 15-9
Installation 15-9
Maintenance 15-9
Gas Turbine, Types of 15-9
Aircraft Derivative 15-10
Heavy Duty 15-9
Single Shaft/Split Shaft 15-10
Induction Generator 15-20
Internal Combustion Engines 15-21
Engine, Types of 15-21
Compression Ignition (Diesel) 15-21
Dual-Fuel 15-21
Four-Stroke-Cycle 15-21
Spark Ignition 15-21
Speed 15-21
Supercharged Engines 15-21
Two-Stroke-Cycle 15-21
Motor Enclosures 15-19
Drip-Proof 15-19
Explosion-Proof 15-20
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) 15-20
Totally Enclosed Water- to Air-Cooled (TEWAC) 15-20
Weather-Protected Type I 15-19
Weather-Protected Type II 15-19
Performance Rating 15-22
Engine Energy Balance 15-22
Speed Variation 15-20
Fixed Speed Electric Motors With Fluid Couplings 15-20
Variable Frequency Electric Motors 15-20
Steam Turbine Components 15-2
Control Systems 15-4
Exhaust Casings 15-3
Inlet Control Valves 15-2
Moisture Protection 15-4
Nozzles/Blades (Buckets) 15-3
Trip and Throttle Valve/Stop (Block) Valve 15-2
Steam Turbine Efficiency 15-5
Factors Affecting Efficiency
15-5
Operation at Part Load 15-5
Techniques to Improve Efficiency
15-5
Steam Turbine Types 15-1
Condensing/Non-Condensing 15-1
Extraction/Admission 15-1
Impulse/Reaction 15-2
Single Stage/Multi-Stage 15-1
Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers (PCHE) 9-35
Process Chilling Curves 14-23
Process Flow Diagram 14-3
Process Flow Diagram for Glycol Dehydration Unit 20-31
Production Separator 7-2
Product Specifications 2-1
LPG Specification Parameters 2-2

---

xxii
LNG Specifications
2-6
Moisture Content 2-2
Non-Specification Contaminants
2-6
Non-volatile Residue 2-6
Odorization 2-6, 2-7
Other Products 2-6
Sulfur Content 2-2
Vapor Pressure 2-2
Volatile Residue 2-5
PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) 4-3
Propane 1-6
Propane, Commercial 1-6
Propane Condensing Curve 9-10
Propane HD-5 1-6
Propane Plus Recovery Efficiency 16-8
Propane Precooled Mixed Refrigerant Process 16-27
Propane Recovery, GSP Process for 16-14
Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Example Comparison for Propane Recovery Designs 16-16
GSP Design for Propane Recovery 16-16
Improved Open Art Propane Recovery Processes 16-16
Propane Refrigeration System 14-5
Propane Vapor Pressure Curve 14-5
Propane, Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants for 20-13
Properties of Sulfur 22-16
Amorphous 22-16
Monoclinic 22-16
Rhombic 22-16
Proportional Band 4-3
Proportional Control 4-3
Protective Coatings of Storage Tanks 6-11
Coal Tar 6-11
Epoxy Resin 6-11
External 6-11
Galvanized 6-11
Internal 6-11
Rubber Lining 6-11
Pseudo-critical Temperature and Pressure for a Natural Gas Mixture 
Calculation 23-11
Pseudocritical Temperature Adjustment Factor 23-16
Pseudo Liquid Density of Systems Containing Methane and Ethane
23-23
Psychrometer 11-2
Psychrometric Chart 11-3
Pump-Out Cavern Operation 6-9
Pumps & Hydraulic Turbines 12-1
Alignment 12-2
Pumps 12-1
Calculating the Required Differential Head 12-6
Absolute Total Pressure at Pump Discharge 12-7
Absolute Total Pressure at Pump Suction 12-7
Calculation of Actual Horsepower 12-8
Calculation of Hydraulic Power 12-8
Calculation of NPSHA 12-8
Motor Sizing 12-8
Centrifugal Pumps 12-8
Affinity Laws 12-9
Alignment, Supports, and Couplings 12-14
Centrifugal Pump Theory 12-8
Drivers 12-13
Efficiency 12-10
Installation, Operation, Maintenance 12-16
Matching the Centrifugal Pump to the System 
Requirements 12-10
Materials of Construction 12-14
Piping 12-14
Pump Protection 12-16
Series and Parallel Operation 12-13
Shaft Seals 12-14
Specific Speed 12-9
Temperature Rise Due to Pumping 12-11
Viscosity 12-10
Diaphragm Pumps 12-19
Equipment and System Equations 12-3
Low Temperature Pumps 12-19
Multiphase Pumps 12-19
Net Positive Suction Head 12-3
Datum 12-5
NPSH and Suction Specific Speed 12-5
NPSH Correction Factors 12-5
Submergence 12-6
Reciprocating Pumps 12-17
Pump Calculations 12-17
Regenerative Pumps 12-19
Peripheral Pumps 12-19
Rotary Pumps 12-19
Pump Selection Guide 12-5
Pump Through Reboiler on Column Bottoms 9-14
Pure Component Loading, Maximum Attainable 21-11
Pure Propane, Storage of 6-10
Raceway 18-3
RAM (Random Access Memory) 4-3
Ramp 4-3
Rateau Design 15-2
Raw Gas 1-6
Raw Mix Liquids 1-6
Reader-Harris/Gallagher equation 3-17
Real Gas 1-6
Reboilers and Vaporizers 9-12
Reboiler Selection Chart 9-14
Receptacle 18-3
Reciprocating Compressor Control Devices 13-11
Reciprocating Compressor Horsepower, Estimating 13-5
Reciprocating Compressors 13-3
Capacity 13-7
Control Devices 13-11
Capacity Control 13-13
Unloading for Starting 13-13
Cylinder Design 13-11
Detailed Calculations 13-7
Limits to Compression Ratio Per Stage 13-11
Detailed Horsepower Calculation 13-10
Discharge Temperature 13-9
Equivalent Capacity 13-9
Estimating Compressor Horsepower 13-5
Gas Pulsation Control 13-14
Performance Calculations 13-4
Pulsation Dampeners (Snubbers) 13-16
Rod Loading 13-9
Troubleshooting 13-17
Volumetric Efficiency 13-7
Reciprocating Compressor Trouble, Causes 13-18
Reciprocating Pump Acceleration Head Factors 12-18
Reciprocating Pumps 12-17
Suction System Considerations 12-18

---

xxiii
Acceleration Head 12-18
Capacity Control 12-19
Drivers 12-19
Piping 12-19
Pulsation 12-18
Recirculating Thermosyphon Reboiler 9-13
Recirculation Control 12-2
Recorders and Indicators 4-16
Indicators 4-16
Electronic Analog Type 4-16
Mechanical Type 4-16
Recorders 4-16
Recovery 1-6
Rectangular Tanks for Each Foot of Liquid, Capacities of 6-24
Recycle 1-6
Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Reduced Pressure 24-1
Reduced Temperature 24-1
Reflux 1-6
Reflux Ratio 1-6
Refrigerant 14-1
Refrigerant Compressors, Types of 14-15
Centrifugal 14-19
Reciprocating 14-19
Rotary 14-23
Screw 14-19
Refrigerant Subcooling 14-7
Refrigerated Lean Oil Absorption 16-11
Refrigeration 14-1
Absorption Refrigeration 14-25
Lithium Bromide-Water Systems 14-25
Mechanical
Refrigeration Cycle 14-2
Refrigeration Stages 14-3
Refrigeration Process Alternatives 16-9
Refrigeration Systems,
Single-Stage Ethylene 14-12
Single-Stage Propane 14-13
Single-Stage Propylene 14-14
Three-Stage Ethylene 14-20
Three-Stage Propane 14-21
Three-Stage Propylene 14-22
Two-Stage Ethylene 14-16
Two-Stage Propane 14-17
Two-Stage Propylene 14-18
Refrigeration System Checklist 14-24
Refrigeration Systems 14-1
Regenerative Ideal Brayton Cycle 15-11
Regenerative Pumps 12-19
Reheating, Alternate Methods 22-7
Relative Density (see Specific Gravity) 1-6
Relative Exchanger Sizes 9-30
Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials for Complete Turbulence 17-5
Relief Systems 1-6, 5-1
Applicable Codes, Standards, and Recommended Practices for Relief 
Systems 5-23
Relief Valve Installation 5-13
Discharge Piping 5-13
Inlet Piping 5-13
Rapid Cycling 5-18
Reactive Force 5-18
Resonant Chatter 5-18
Relieving Devices
Balanced Relief Valves 5-7
Conventional Relief Valves 5-6
Pilot Operated Relief Valves 5-7
Rupture Disk 5-7
Remote-Control Circuit 18-3
Reset Rate 4-3
Residence Time 21-1, 22-1
Residue 1-6
Resilient Seat Relief Valves
Resilient Seat Relief Valves 5-7
Resistance Temperature Device (RTD) 4-12, 4-28
Retention Time 7-2
Retrograde Condensation 16-3
Retrograde Condensation (Vaporization) 1-6
Reverse Flow Cyclone, Example of 7-11
Reynolds Number 17-2
Rich DEA Pressure Letdown 12-21
Rich Gas 1-6
Rich Oil 1-6
Rich Oil Demethanizer (ROD) 16-12
ROM (Read-Only Memory) 4-3
Rotameter, Example of 4-15
Rotary-Sliding Vane Compressors 13-46
Rotary Compressors 13-2
Rotary Pumps 12-19
Rotary Screw Compressor 13-45
Rotor 12-2
Francis-type 12-2
Rotor Response Plot 13-41
RSV
®
Ethane Recovery Process 16-23
Run-out 12-2
Runner 12-2
RVP (Reid Vapor Pressure) 1-6
Ryznar and Langelier Scaling Indexes 18-20
Ryznar Scaling Index (RSI) 18-3
“Saw Tooth” Curve for Unloading Operation 13-14
Safety Instrumented System (SIS) Overview 4-30
Design and Project Considerations 4-31
Layers of Protection 4-30
Safety Integrity Levels 4-31
Safety Instrumented System Components 4-31
Salt Bath Heater 8-32
Saturated Air, Properties of 11-15
Saturated Compounds 1-6
Saturated Liquid 1-7
Saturated Steam 24-1
Saturated Steam Pressure Table 24-36
Saturated Steam Temperature Table 24-35
Saturated Vapor 1-7
Saturated Water 24-1
Saturated Water Content of CO
2
20-5
Saturated Water Content of H
2
S 20-5
Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) 13-35
scf (standard cubic feet) 1-7
SCORE
®
Propane Recovery Process 16-20
SCOT Style Tail Gas Treating Unit 22-15
Screw Compressors 13-43
Rotary 13-43
Scrubber 7-2
Selective Treating 21-1
Sensing Devices 4-8
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter 4-14

---

xxiv
Electrical Pressure Transducers 4-9
Electromagnetic Flowmeter 4-13
Flow Sensors 4-13
Positive Displacement Meters 4-13
Turbine Meters 4-13
Variable Area Flow Meters 4-13
Variable Head Flow Meters 4-13
Level Sensors 4-10
Capacitance Probes 4-11
Chain and Tape Float Gauges 4-10
Displacer Level Measuring Device 4-10
Electrical Type Level Gauges and Switches 4-10
Gauge Glass 4-10
Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter 4-12
Head-pressure Level Gauges 4-10
Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter 4-11
Pressure Sensors 4-8
Bellows 4-9
Bourdon tubes 4-8
Diaphragm 4-9
Manometer 4-8
Temperature Sensors 4-12
Bimetallic 4-13
Filled-system 4-13
Glass Stem 4-13
Resistance 4-12
Thermocouples 4-12
Ultrasonic Flow Meters 4-13
Wireless Transmitters and Devices 4-15
Connection Methods 4-15
Three-wire Transmitters 4-15
Two-wire Transmitters 4-15
Separation Equipment, Principles of 7-1, 7-3
Defining the Separator Feed 7-3
Fluids to Be Separated 7-3
Dispersed Droplet Size Distribution 7-4
Field Composition and Flow Considerations 7-4
Flow Regimes Upstream of a Separator 7-4
Gas-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-9
Gravity Settling in Gas-Liquid Separation 7-9
Souders-Brown Equation for Gravity Settling 7-9
Gas-Liquid Surface Re-entrainment 7-9
Degassing of Liquids 7-9
Re-entrainment from Collection Devices 7-9
Liquid-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-12
Dispersion Layer 7-13
Gravity Settling in Liquid-Liquid Separation 7-12
Liquid-Liquid Coalescing Devices 7-13
Liquid Residence Time Approach to Design 7-12
Mist Eliminators for Gas Liquid Separations 7-10
Cyclonic Mist Eliminators 7-12
Mechanism of Mist Carryover for Gas-Liquid Mist Eliminator 
Devices 7-10
Mesh Mist Eliminators 7-10
Vane Mist Eliminators 7-11
Separation and Re-entrainment Mechanisms 7-5
Gravity Settling Theory 7-5
Intermediate Law Region 7-6
Stokes' Law Region 7-6
Separation by Impingement 7-8
Centrifugal Force 7-8
Coalescing, Natural and Assisted 7-8
Diffusion 7-8
Direct Interception 7-8
Inertial Impaction 7-8
Separation Equipment 7-1
Data and Information Required to Specify and Size Separators 7-16
Debottlenecking 7-45
Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in Separation Equipment
7-2
Filter Testing Standard 7-46
Filtration and Coalescing Devices 7-38
Dry Gas Filters 7-39
Filter-Separators 7-38
Filtration Equipment Removal Ratings 7-41
Gas Coalescing Filter 7-39
Liquid/Liquid Coalescer Separators — Supplier Design 7-41
Liquid Particulate Filtration 7-40
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator Design 7-33
Coalescers for Horizontal Separators 7-34
Design of a Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Standpipe 7-34
Design of a Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-34
Design of a Vapor-Liquid-Liquid Separator Drum with Boot
7-35
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator Drum with Overflow Weir
7-35
Gas-Liquid Separation Section 7-34
Horizontal
Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator, Example of 7-35
Inlet Section 7-33
Liquid-Liquid Settling Section 7-33
Liquid Outlet Section 7-33
Zones in the Separator 7-33
Gas-Liquid Separators, Common Types 7-17
Horizontal Flow Vane Separator 7-19
Horizontal Flow Vane Separator (In-Line) 7-19
Horizontal Separator — No Internals 7-20
Horizontal Separator with Mesh Pad or Vane Pack 7-20
Vertical Flow Vane Separator 7-19
Vertical Separator — No Internals 7-17
Vertical Separator — Combination Internals 7-19
Vertical Separator with Axial Flow Multi-Cyclones 7-19
Vertical Separator with Mesh Pad 7-17
Vertical Separator With Reverse Flow Multi-Cyclone Internals
7-19
Vertical Separator with Vane Pack 7-18
Introduction 7-3
Scope 7-3
Separation Devices Used in Gas Processing 7-3
Liquid-Liquid and Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-21
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator — No Internals 7-22
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Coalescer 
Internals 7-24
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Single Overflow 
Weir 7-22
Horizontal Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator with Water Boot 7-22
Horizontal Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-21
Horizontal Liquid-Liquid Separator with Plate Pack, Mesh 
Coalescer, or Combination Internals 7-21
Horizontal Three Phase Separator with Bucket and Overflow 
Weir 7-23
Vertical Gas-Liquid-Liquid Separator 7-24
Vertical Liquid-Liquid Separator with Mesh Coalescer 7-22
Liquid-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-12
Dispersion Layer 7-13
Gravity Settling in Liquid-Liquid Separation 7-12
Liquid-Liquid Coalescing Devices 7-13
Liquid Residence Time Approach to Design 7-12
Oil Treatment Separators 7-45
Electrostatic Dehydrators and De-salters 7-45

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xxv
Heater-Treaters 7-45
Other Internals for Gas-Liquid Separators 7-32
De-foaming Inlet Cyclones 7-32
Degassing Baffles and Screens For De-gassing
7-33
Distribution Baffles
7-33
Outlet Axial Cyclones For Horizontal Separators 7-32
Principles of Separation 7-1, 7-3
Defining the Separator Feed
7-3
Dispersed Droplet Size Distribution 7-4
Field Composition and Flow Considerations 7-4
Flow Regimes Upstream of a Separator 7-4
Gas-Liquid Separation Fundamentals 7-9
Gravity Settling in Gas-Liquid Separation 7-9
Gas-Liquid Surface Re-entrainment 7-9
Mist Eliminators for Gas Liquid Separations 7-10
Cyclonic Mist Eliminators 7-12
Mechanism of Mist Carryover for Gas-Liquid Mist 
Eliminator Devices 7-10
Mesh Mist Eliminators 7-10
Souders Brown Equation Applied To Mist Eliminators
7-10
Vane Mist Eliminators 7-11
Separation and Re-entrainment Mechanisms 7-5
Separation by Impingement 7-8
Selection Guidelines for Common Separator Designs 7-16
Common Configurations for Separators
7-16
Gas-Liquid Separator Selection Guide 7-16
Selection Guidelines for Common Separator Designs 7-16
Separation Strategy and Performance Requirements 7-13
Gas Carry-Under Specification
7-14
Liquid Carry-Over Specification For Gas-Liquid Separators
7-14
Oil-in-Water Specification
7-15
Performance Requirements 7-13
Water-in-Hydrocarbon Specification
7-15
Sizing Examples for Vertical and Horizontal Two-Phase Separators
7-29
Horizontal Two-Phase Separator without Internals 7-32
Sizing Two Phase Vertical Wire Mesh Separator 7-29
Two Phase Horizontal Separator with a Hanging Mesh 7-31
Vertical Separator Without Internals 7-30
Vertical Separator with Wire Mesh Mist Eliminator 7-29
Specialized Separators 7-42
Troubleshooting 7-45
Two-Phase and Three-Phase Separator Design and Operating 
Principles 7-24
Gas Polishing Section 7-26
Gravity Separation Section 7-25
Inlet Section 7-24
Inlet Devices 7-25
Inlet Piping Design 7-25
Liquid Accumulation Section 7-28
Vapor Outlet Section 7-27
Zones in the Separator 7-24
Water Treatment Separators 7-43
API Separator 7-44
CPI Separator 7-44
Dissolved Gas Flotation Unit 7-45
Gunbarrel Tank 7-44
Hydrocyclone 7-44
Walnut Shell Filter 7-45
Wellhead, Plant Inlet, and Flare Separators 7-42
Compact Production Separators 7-43
Flare K.O. Drums 7-43
Gas Processing Wellhead Production Separators 7-42
Slug Catchers 7-43
Test Separator 7-43
Separation Equipment, Introduction to 7-3
Scope 7-3
Separation Devices Used in Gas Processing 7-3
Separation Strategy and Performance Requirements 7-13
Gas Carry-Under Specification 7-14
Liquid Carry-Over Specification For Gas-Liquid Separators 7-14
Oil-in-Water Specification 7-15
Water-in-Hydrocarbon Specification 7-15
Separator 7-2
Separators Used in Gas Processing Industry 7-3
Serial Communications 4-3
Series Pumps Selection 12-13
Service Drop 18-3
Service Equipment 18-3
Setpoint 4-3
Shell and Tube Exchanger Nomenclature 9-15
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 9-2
Short Circuit 18-3
Shrinkage 1-7
Shut-off 12-2
Side Elevations of Aircoolers 10-2
Side Heater 19-28
Signal Transmitters 4-14
Electronic 4-14
Pneumatic 4-14
Signal Converters 4-16
Electric Signal 4-16
Electronic-to-Pneumatic 4-16
Frequency 4-16
Isolators 4-16
Pneumatic-to-Electronic 4-16
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
Connection Methods 4-15
Four-wire 4-15
Three-wire 4-15
Two-wire 4-15
Simple Expander 13-50
Simple Open Cycle 15-11
Simple Turboexpander for Ethane Recovery 16-18
Simple Turboexpander Process for Propane Recovery 16-14
Simplex 12-2
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids Values of C
1
17-11
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids Values of C
2
17-12
Simultaneous Removal of H
2
S and CO
2
, Process Selectrion Chart 21-
31
Single-Acting Plunger Cylinder Designed for15,000 psig Discharge
13-12
Single-Column NRU 16-34
Single-Stage Cooling, Chilling and Heating Curves 14-3
Single Acting 12-3
Single Containment Tank, Example of 6-10
Single Gas Seal 13-32
Single Valve with Hand Valves 15-3
Sizing Examples for Vertical and Horizontal Two-Phase Separators 7-
29
Sizing of Relief Devices 5-11
Liquid Relief 5-12
Sizing for Fire 5-12
Steam Relief 5-11
Thermal Relief 5-12
Sliding Vane Compressor 13-46

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xxvi
Slip 12-3
Slug Catcher 7-2
Smart Transmitters and Devices 4-14
SNG (Synthetic or Substitute Natural Gas) 1-7
Soave Redlich-Kwong 25-9
Software 4-3
Solar Turbines Incorporated 13-39
Solid CO
2
Formation Conditions, Approximate 16-30
Solid Desiccant Dehydration 20-43
Alumina 20-43
Gels 20-43
Molecular Sieves 20-43
Solid Desiccant Dehydrator Twin Tower System 20-43
Solids (Suspended, Dissolved, Total) 18-3
Solid Sulfur at Constant Pressure, Heat Capacity 22-16
Solubility Limits of Hydrocarbons in Amine Solutions 21-17
Overall Solubility Trends 21-17
Solubility of Benzene in Ethane 16-32
Solubility of Benzene in Methane 16-31
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water 20-3
Solubility of Water in Liquid Hydrocarbons 20-2
Solution Gas 1-7
Souder’s-Brown K Values 7-27
Souders-Brown Correlation for Approximate Tower Sizing 19-10
Souders-Brown Equation for Gravity Settling 7-9
Applied To Mist Eliminators 7-10
Sour Gas 1-7, 21-1
Sour Liquids and Gases 1-7
Sour Water Strippers 19-32
Special Problems in Steam Condensers 10-6
Specific Gravity 1-7
Specific Volume 24-1
Speed Efficiency Correction Factor for Condensing and Non-
Condensing Turbines 15-7
Split-Ranging 4-3
Splitter 1-7
Sponge Absorbent 1-7
Spray-Type Deaerator 18-17
SRU 21-1
Stabilized Condensate 1-7
Stabilizer 1-7
Stage Separation System 1-7
Standalone AGE Flow Diagram 21-15
Standards and Bulletins 1-17
Analytical Methods 1-17
Measurement Standards 1-18
Miscellaneous Standards 1-18
Sampling Methods 1-18
Specifications 1-17
STAR Network Diagram 4-33
Steady-State 4-3
Steam Bath Heater, 15 psig 8-31
Steam Coefficient Factors 3-26
Saturated Steam 3-26
Superheated Steam 3-26
Steam Generation Systems 18-5
Steam Measurement 3-22
Sterically Hindered Amine 21-1
Still Column 1-7
Storage 6-1
Appurtenances 6-13
Cathodic Protection 6-16
Insulation 6-11
Liquid Storage Systems 6-17
Desirability of Large Units 6-17
Materials of Construction 6-11
Metallic 6-11
Vessel/Tank Materials 6-11