Encyclopedia of Islam

renewal and reform movements

---

Mamadiou Dia, and Amina Wadud. These indi-

viduals come from many different backgrounds 

and they address a wide range of issues, includ-

ing religious tolerance and pluralism, 

democracy

, 

hUman

 

rights

, social justice, gender equality, and 

the problem of religious violence. However, this 

dimension of reformism in Islam remains highly 

individualistic, lacking organization, financing, 

and mass appeal in most cases. It is at a disadvan-

tage with respect to the power and influence of 

ulama, radical Islamic groups, and authoritarian 

governments. Indeed, many (but not all) of these 

thinkers live in Europe and North America, where 

a number have held academic appointments in 

universities and research institutes.

See also a

ligarh

; 

daawa

; 

ethics

 

and

 

morality

; 

pan

-i

slamism

; 

politics

 

and

  i

slam

;  r

ashid

  r

ida

, 

m

Uhammad

; s

alaFism

; s

hariati

, a

li

; W

ahhabism

.