Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Yasin Dutton, Malik ibn Anas, and 

Muhammad ibn Muhammad Ra’i, Original Islam: Malik 

and the Madhhab of Madina (New York: Routledge, 

2007); Emel Esin and Haluk Doganbey, Mecca the 

Blessed, Madinah the Radiant (New York: Crown Pub-

lishers, 1963); Muhammad ibn Ishaq, The Life of 

Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah.

Translated by Alfred Guillaume (London: Oxford Uni-

versity Press, 1967); Michael Lecker, Muslims, Jews and 

Pagans: Studies on Early Islamic Medina (Leiden: E.J. 

Brill, 1995); Michael Lekker, “Muhammad at Medina, 

a Geographical Approach.” Jerusalem Studies in Ara-

bic 6 (1985): 29–62; Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Ali K. 

Nomachi,  Mecca the Blessed, Medina the Radiant: The 

Holiest Cities of Islam (New York: Aperture Foundation, 

1997); H. Rahman, “The Conflicts between the Prophet 

and the Opposition in Medina,” Der Islam 62 (1985): 

260–297; Muhammad ibn Saad, The Women of Madina

(London: TaHa, 1995); Muhammad ibn Saad, The Men 

of Madina (London: TaHa, 1997); W. Montgomery 

K  470  

Medina

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Watt,  Muhammad at Medina (Oxford: Oxford Univer-

sity Press, 1956); ———, Early Islam: Collected Articles

(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990); A. J. 

Wensinck,  Muhammad and the Jews of Medina (Berlin: 

Adiyok, 1982).