Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Norman Daniel, Islam and the West: 

The Making of an Image (Oxford: Oneworld, 1993); 

Sachiko Murata and William C. Chittick, The Vision of 

Islam (St. Paul, Minn.: Paragon House, 1994); Andrew 

Rippin,  Defining Islam: A Reader (London: Equinox 

Publishing, 2007); Maxime Rodinson, “The Western 

Image and Western Studies of Islam.” In The Legacy 

of Islam. 2d ed. Edited by Joseph Schacht and C. E. 

Bosworth, 9–62 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 

1974, 9–62); Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: 

Pantheon Books, 1978); Jane I. Smith, An Historical and 

Semantic Study of the Term ‘islam’ as Seen in a Sequence of 

Quran Commentaries (Missoula, Mont.: Scholars Press, 

1975).

Islamic Society of North America

The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) is 

an association of Muslim organizations and indi-

viduals concerned with social and educational 

development, outreach programs, and public rela-

tions in the United States and Canada. It was 

formed in 1981, evolving from the m

Uslim

  s

tU

-

dents

  a

ssociation

 (MSA), in order to serve the 

religious and social needs of Muslim graduates 

from American colleges and universities. ISNA 

serves as an umbrella organization for the MSA 

and approximately 300 other affiliated community 

and professional organizations, including the 

Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS), 

the Association of Muslim Scientists and Engi-

neers (AMSE), the Islamic Medical Association of 

North America (IMANA), and the Council of 

Islamic Schools in North America (CISNA). A 

diversity of Muslim communities, 

mosqUe

s, and