Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Hadith translations: Husayn al-

Baghawi, expanded by Wali al-Din al-Khatib al-Tribizi, 

Mishkat al-Masabih (The Niche for Lamps). Translated 

by James Robson, 4 vols. (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad 

Ashraf, 1964–1966); Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih Mus-

lim: Being Sayings and Doings of the Prophet Muhammad 

as Narrated by His Companions and Compiled under the 

Title al-Jami al-Sahih by Imam Muslim. Translated by 

Abdul Hamid Siddiqi (Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 

1971–1973); John Alden Williams, The Word of Islam

(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 36–65. 

Secondary works: Frederick Mathewson Denny, An 

Introduction to Islam (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pear-

son/Prentice Hall, 2006); William A. Graham, Divine 

Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam (The Hague and 

Paris: Mouton, 1977); Etan Kohlberg, “Shii Hadith.” In 

The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Vol. I, Arabic 

Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period, edited by A. 

F. L. Beeston et al., 299–307 (Cambridge: Cambridge 

University Press, 1983); Muhammad Zubayr Siddiqi, 

Hadith Literature: Its Origin, Development and Special 

Features (Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1993).