Further reading: Massimo Campanini, “Al-Ghazzali.” In
History of Islamic Philosophy, edited by Seyyed Hossein
Nasr and Oliver Leaman, 258–274 (London: Routledge,
1996); Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, Al-Ghazali’s Path to Sufism:
His Deliverance from Error, al-Munqidh min al-dalal. Trans-
lated by R. J. McCarthy (Louisville, Ky.: Fons Vitae,
2000); W. Montgomery Watt, The Faith and Practice of
al-Ghazali (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1953).
Ghazali, Zaynab al-
(1917–2005) the most
important female leader in the Egyptian Muslim
Brotherhood during the 20th century and founder of
the Society of Muslim Ladies
Zaynab al-Ghazali was the daughter of a mer-
chant and Islamic teacher who was educated at
the famous
al
-a
zhar
University in c
airo
, e
gypt
.
She studied the q
Uran
, quranic commentary
(
tafsir
) and
hadith
at home in her youth but
never attained more than a secondary school
edUcation
. She became a member of Huda
Shaarawi’s Egyptian Feminist Union, the coun-
try’s first organized
Women
’s rights movement.
Dissatisfied with the liberal, secular orientation
of this movement, in 1936, she quit it when she
was 18 years of age and launched the Society
of Muslim Ladies, which sought to promote
piety among women and address social prob-
lems within an Islamic framework. As part of its
daawa
(Muslim outreach) activities, this organi-
zation conducted religious classes for women at
mosqUes
, trained them to preach, and provided
social services to the needy. It also published a
journal for Muslim women from 1954 to 1956
called al-Sayyidat al-Muslimat (Muslim women).
Al-Ghazali said that when the Egyptian govern-
ment forced her to disband the organization in
1964, the association’s membership had grown
to 3 million throughout the country. In 1949,
she joined the m
Uslim
b
rotherhood
at the invi-
tation of its founder, h
asan
al
-b
anna
(d. 1949),
and her society worked in cooperation with the
Muslim Sisters to help families who suffered
from the campaign a
bd
al
-n
asir
, Egypt’s presi-
dent from 1956 to 1970, was waging against the
brotherhood in the 1950s and early 1960s. She
conducted secret meetings with the brotherhood
and their supporters to study Islamic literature
and discuss plans for bringing about i
slamic
government
. She is credited with helping to dis-
seminate the writings of the Islamic ideologist
s
ayyid
q
Utb
(d. 1966), which were composed
during the years of his imprisonment for engag-
ing in antigovernment activities.
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