Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, 

Imam Bukhari’s Book of Muslim Morals and Manners.

Translated by Yusuf Talal DeLorenzo (Alexandria, Va.: 

Al-Saadawi Publications, 1997); Michael Cook, Forbid-

ding Wrong in Islam: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cam-

bridge University Press, 2003); Frederick M. Denny, 

“Ethical Dimensions of Islamic Ritual Law.” In Religion 

and Law: Biblical-Judaic and Islamic Perspectives, edited 

by Edwin B. Firmage, Bernard G. Weiss, and John W. 

Welch, 199–210 (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 

1990); Richard G. Hovannisian, ed., Ethics in Islam

(Malibu, Calif.: Undena, 1985); Toshihiko Izutsu, Eth-

ico-Religious Concepts in the Quran (Montreal: McGill 

University Press, 1966); Gary E. Kessler, Philosophy of 

Religion: Toward a Global Perspective (Belmont, Calif.: 

Wadsworth Publishing, 1999); Kevin Reinhart, Before 

Revelation: The Boundaries of Muslim Moral Thought

(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995).

Europe

Although often misperceived as alien to Europe, 

Islam has had a long and varied presence in that 

part of the world. It first entered Europe with the 

Arab and b

erber

 armies that conquered the Iberian 

Peninsula (modern Spain and Portugal) from the 

Goths in 711. Muslims later entered Gaul but suf-

fered defeat at Poitiers in 732 and in the Pyrenees 

passes in 748. Successive Islamic dynasties ruled