Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: General: Roy Armes, Third World Film 

Making and the West (Berkeley: University of California 

Press, 1987); John C. Eisele, “The Wild East: Decon-

structing the Language of Genre in the Hollywood 

Eastern.”  Cinema Journal 41, 4 (2002): 68–94; Jack 

G. Shaheen, Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a 

K  148  

cinema

---

People (New York: Olive Branch Press, 2001); Arab Cin-

ema: Walter Armbrust, Mass Culture and Modernism in 

Egypt, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); 

Ibrahim Fawal, Youssef Chahine (London: BFI Publica-

tions, 2001); Viola Shafik, Arab Cinema: History and 

Cultural Identity (Cairo: American University in Cairo 

Press, 1998); Iranian  Cinema: Hamid Dabashi. Close 

Up: Iranian Cinema, Past, Present, and Future (New York: 

Verso, 2001); Richard Tapper, ed., The New Iranian 

Cinema: Politics, Representation and Identity (London: 

I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2002); Indian  Cinema: Akbar 

S. Ahmed, “Bombay Films: The Cinema for Indian 

Society and Politics.” Modern Asian Studies 26 (1992): 

289–320; Tejaswini Ganti, Bollywood: A Guidebook to 

Popular Hindi Cinema (New York: Routledge, 2004); 

Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, Encyclopedia 

of Indian Cinema, 2d ed. (New Delhi: Oxford University 

Press, 1999).