Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in 

Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven, 

Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992); Muhammad ibn 

Ishaq,  The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq’s

Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by A. Guillaume (London: 

Oxford University Press, 1955); Muhammad ibn Saad, 

The Women of Medina. Translated by Aisha Bewley 

(London: Ta-Ha Publishers, 1995); Denise A. Spellberg, 

Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of Aisha 

bint Abi Bakr (New York: Columbia University Press, 

1994); Barbara Freyer Stowasser, Women in the Quran: 

Traditions and Interpretation (New York: Oxford Univer-

sity Press, 1994).