Encyclopedia of Islam

Further reading: Kamran Scot Aghaie, The Women of 

Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in 

Modern Shii Islam (Austin: University of Texas Press, 

2005); Lara Deeb, An Enchanted Modern: Gender and 

Public Policy in Shii Lebanon (Princeton, N.J.: Princ-

eton University Press, 2006); Elizabeth W. Fernea, 

Guests of the Sheik: An Ethnography of an Iraqi Village,

(New York: Doubleday, 1989), 216–250; Syed Akbar 

Hyder,  Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian 

Memory (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006); 

Meir Litvak, Shii Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: 

The Ulama of Najaf and Karbala (New York: Cam-

bridge University Press, 1998); Syed-Mohsin Naquvi, 

The Tragedy of Karbala (Princeton, N.J.: Mohsena 

Memorial Foundation, 1992); David Pinault, Horse of 

Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India (New York: St. 

Martin’s Press, 2000); Vernon J. Schubel, “Karbala as 

Sacred Space among North American Shia: ‘Every Day 

Is Ashura, Everywhere Is Karbala.’ ” In Making Muslim 

Space in North America and Europe, edited by Barbara 

Metcalf (Berkeley: University of California Press, 

1996): 186–203.