This Is Spinal Tap
and a reflection of Musk’s sense of humor.
*
And it’s not just that the Model S and other electric cars are three to four times more efficient than internal combustion vehicles. They can
also tap into power that is produced in centralized, efficient ways by power plants and solar arrays.
*
When the very first Roadster arrived, it came in a large plywood crate. Tesla’s engineers unpacked it furiously, installed the battery pack,
and then let Musk take it for a spin. About twenty Tesla engineers jumped in prototype vehicles and formed a convoy that followed Musk
around Palo Alto and Stanford.
*
At some point from late 2007 to 2008, Musk also tried to hire Tony Fadell, an executive at Apple who is credited with bringing the iPod and
iPhone to life. Fadell remembered being recruited for the CEO job at Tesla, while Musk remembered it more as a chief operating officer
type of position. “Elon and I had multiple discussions about me joining as Tesla’s CEO, and he even went to the lengths of staging a
surprise party for me when I was going to visit their offices,” Fadell said. Steve Jobs caught wind of these meetings and turned on the
charm to keep Fadell. “He was sure nice to me for a while,” Fadell said. A couple of years later, Fadell left Apple to found Nest, a maker
of smart-home devices, which Google then acquired in 2014.
*
It took a couple of years, from about 2007 to 2009, for the Energy Department application to morph into the actual possibility of a loan from
the government.
*
The deal had two parts. Tesla would keep making battery packs and associated technology that other companies might use, and it would
produce its own electric vehicles at a manufacturing facility in the United States.
*
Musk had received a lot of pushback internally for trying to locate a car factory in or near California. “All the guys in Detroit said it needs
to be in a place where the labor can afford to live and be happy,” Lloyd said. “There’s a lot of learned skill on an assembly line, and you
can’t afford turnover.” Musk responded that SpaceX had found a way to build rockets in Los Angeles, and that Tesla would find a way to
build cars in Northern California. His stubbornness ended up being fortuitous for the company. “If it hadn’t been for that DOE loan, and
the NUMMI plant, there’s no way Tesla would have ended up being so successful, so fast,” Lloyd said.
*
Boeing used to make fuselages for the 747 in the SpaceX building and painted them in what became the Tesla design studio.
*
“He picks the most visible place on purpose,” said the investor and Tesla board member Steve Jurvetson. “He’s at Tesla just about every
Saturday and Sunday and wants people to see him and know they can find him. Then, he can also call suppliers on the weekend, and let
them know that he’s personally putting in the hours on the factory floor and expects the same from them.”
*
Tesla got its start using the same lithium ion batteries that go into consumer electronics like laptops. During the early days of the Roadster,
this proved a risky but calculated choice. Tesla wanted to tap into Asia’s mature battery suppliers and get access to cheap products that
would keep improving over time. The press played up Tesla’s use of these types of batteries, and consumers were fascinated by the idea
that a car could be powered by the same energy source sitting inside of their gizmos.
There’s a major misconception that Tesla still depends on these types of batteries. Yes, the batteries inside the Model S look like those
found in a laptop. Tesla, however, started developing its own battery chemistry in conjunction with partners like Panasonic dating back to
late models of the Roadster. Tesla can still use the same manufacturing equipment as consumer electronics companies while ending up
with a battery that’s safer and better tuned to the intense charging demands of its cars. Along with the secret formula for the battery cells
themselves, Tesla has improved the performance of its batteries by developing its own techniques for linking the cells together and cooling
them. The battery cells have been designed to vent heat in a very particular way, and there’s coolant running throughout the entire battery
pack. The battery packs are assembled at the Tesla factory in an area hidden from visitors.
The chemistry, the batteries, the battery pack design—these are all elements of a large, continuous system that Tesla has built from the
ground up to allow its cars to charge at record speed. To control the heat produced during the charging process, Tesla has designed an
interlinked system of radiators and chillers to cool both the batteries and the chargers. “You’ve got all that hardware plus the software
management system and other controllers,” said J. B. Straubel. “All of these things are running at maximum rate.” A Model S can
recharge 150 miles of range in 20 minutes at one of Tesla’s charging stations with DC power pumping straight into the batteries. By
comparison, a Nissan Leaf that maxes out at 80 miles of range can take 8 hours to recharge.
*
Google’s attorneys had asked to make a presentation to Tesla’s board. Before he would permit this, Musk asked for the right to call on
Google for a loan in case Tesla encountered cash flow issues after acquisition talks became public, as there would otherwise be no way for
Tesla to raise money. Google hesitated on this for a few weeks, by which time Tesla ended up in the clear.
*
Following the demonstration, Tesla struggled to deliver on the battery swap technology. Musk had promised that the first few stations
would arrive in late 2013. A year after the event, though, Tesla had yet to open a single station. According to Musk, the company ended up
needing to deal with more pressing issues. “We’re going to do it because we said we’d do it,” Musk said. “It may not be on the schedule
that we’d like but we always come through in the end.”
*
As for the origins of the Model S name, Musk said, “Well, I like calling things what they are. We had the Roadster, but there was no good
word for a sedan. You can’t call it the Tesla Sedan. That’s boring as hell. In the U.K., they say ‘saloon,’ but then it’s sort of like, ‘What
are you? A cowboy or something?’ We went through a bunch of iterations, and the Model S sounded the best. And it was like a vague nod
to Ford being the Model T in that electric cars preceded the Model T, and in a way we’re coming full circle and the thing that proceeded
the Model T is now going into production in the twenty-first century, hence the Model S. But that’s sort of more like reversing the logic.”
*
A handful of lawsuits have been filed against Tesla with auto dealers arguing that the company should not be able to sell its cars directly.
But even in those states that have banned Tesla’s stores, prospective customers can usually request a test drive, and someone from Tesla
will show up with a vehicle. “Sometimes you have to put something out there for people to attack,” Musk said. “In the long run, the stores
won’t be important. The way things will really grow is by word of mouth. The stores are like a viral seed to get things going.”
*
Or as Straubel put it, “Watching people drive the Model S across the country is phenomenal. There is no way you can do that in anything
else. It’s not about putting a charging station in the desert as a stunt. It’s about realizing where this is going to go. We will end up launching
the third-generation car into a world where this charging network is free and ubiquitous. It bugs me when people compare us to a car
company. The cars are absolutely our main product, but we are also an energy company and a technology company. We are going down to
the dirt and having discussions with mining companies about the materials for our batteries and going up to commercialize all the pieces
that make up an electronic vehicle and all the pieces that make an awesome product.”
*
No, really. Both Lyndon and his wife play underwater hockey and used these skills to secure green cards, meeting the criteria for the
“exceptional abilities” the United States desires. They ultimately played for the U.S. national teams.
*
Thirteen thousand people showed up in 2013.
*
If you assume an average selling price of $40,000 per car for 300,000 cars sold in a year, that’s $12 billion in annual revenue, or $1 billion
per month.
*
For the space buffs, here’s Musk talking more about the physics and chemistry of the spaceship: “The final piece of the puzzle for figuring
out the Mars architecture is a methane engine. You need to be able to generate the propellant on the surface. Most of the fuel used in
rockets today is a form of kerosene, and creating kerosene is quite complex. It’s a series of long-chain hydrocarbons. It’s much easier to
create either methane or hydrogen. The problem with hydrogen is it’s a deep cryogen. It’s only a liquid very close to absolute zero. And
because it’s a small molecule you have these issues where hydrogen will seep its way through a metal matrix and embrittle or destroy
metal in weird ways. Hydrogen’s density is also very porous, so the tanks are enormous and it’s expensive to create and store hydrogen.
It’s not a good choice as a fuel.
“Methane, on the other hand, is much easier to handle. It’s liquid at around the same temperature as liquid oxygen so you can do a
rocket stage with a common bulkhead and not worry about freezing one or the other solid. Methane is also the lowest-cost fossil fuel on
Earth. And there needs to be a lot of energy to go to Mars.
“And then on Mars, because the atmosphere is carbon dioxide and there’s a lot of water or ice in the soil, the carbon dioxide gets you
CO
2
, the water gives you H
2
O. With that you create CH
4
and O
2
, which gives you combustion. So it’s all sort of nicely worked out.
“And then one of the key questions is can you get to the surface of Mars and back to Earth on a single stage. The answer is yes, if you
reduce the return payload to approximately one-quarter of the outbound payload, which I thought made sense because you are going to
want to transport a lot more to Mars than you’d want to transfer from Mars to Earth. For the spacecraft, the heat shield, the life support
system, and the legs will have to be very, very light.”
*
Musk and Riley were divorced for less than year. “I refused to speak with him for as long it took for the divorce to be finalized,” Riley
said. “And then, once it was finalized, we immediately got back together.” As for what caused the breakup, Riley said, “I just wasn’t
happy. I thought maybe I had made the wrong decision for my life.” And, about what brought her back to Musk, Riley said, “One reason
was the lack of viable alternatives. I looked around, and there was no one else nice to be with. Number two is that Elon doesn’t have to
listen to anyone in life. No one. He doesn’t have to listen to anything that doesn’t fit into his worldview. But he proved he would take shit
from me. He said, ‘Let me listen to her and figure these things out.’ He proved that he valued my opinion on things in life and was willing
to listen. I thought it was quite a telling thing for the man—that he made the effort. And then, I loved him and missed him.”
*
As Musk recalled, “I told her, ‘Look, I think you’re very valuable. Maybe that compensation is right. You need to take two weeks’
vacation, and I’m going to assess whether that’s true our not.’ Before this came up, I had offered her multiple all-expenses-paid vacations.
I really wanted her to take a vacation. When she got back, my conclusion was just that the relationship was not going to work anymore.
Twelve years is a good run for any job. She’ll do a great job for someone.” According to Musk, he offered Brown another position at the
company. She declined the offer by never showing up at the office again. Musk gave her twelve months’ severance and has not spoken to
her since.
*
According to Riley, “Elon is kind of cheeky and funny. He is very loving. He is devoted to his children. He is funny—really, really, really
funny. He’s quite mercurial. He’s genuinely the oddest person I have ever met. He has moments of self-awareness and lucidity, which for
me always bring him back around. He’ll say something cheeky or funny and have this grin. He’s smart in all sorts of areas. He’s very well
read and has this incredible wit. He loves movies. We went to see the new
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