N
Speed = 2
N
Flux
Flux
Voltage
Voltage
Figure 10.10
Voltage and
X
ux waveforms for switched-reluctance motor in
‘single-pulse’ mode
362
Electric Motors and Drives
proportional to armature current, or induction motor drives where
torque is proportional to slip.
Power converter and overall drive characteristics
An important di
V
erence between the SR motor and all other self-
synchronous motors is that its full torque capability can be achieved
without having to provide for both positive and negative currents in the
phases. This is because the torque does not depend on the direction of
current in the phase-winding. The advantage of such ‘unipolar’ drives is
that because each of the main switching devices is permanently con-
nected in series with one of the motor windings (as in Figure 9.15), there
is no possibility of the ‘shoot-through’ fault (see Chapter 2) which is a
major headache in the conventional inverter.
Overall closed-loop speed control is obtained in the conventional
way with the speed error acting as a torque demand to the torque control
system described above. However, in most cases it is not necessary to
W
t a
tacho as the speed feedback signal can be derived from the RPT.
In common with other self-synchronous drives, a wide range of oper-
ating characteristics is available. If the input converter is fully controlled,
continuous regeneration and full four-quadrant operation is possible,
and the usual constant torque, constant power and series type character-
istic is regarded as standard. Low speed torque can be uneven unless
special measures are taken to pro
W
le the current pulses, but continuous
low speed operation is usually better than for most competing systems in
terms of overall e
Y
ciency.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1)
What pole number would be needed for a synchronous motor to run
at a speed of 300 rev/min from a 60 Hz supply?
2)
What voltage should be used to allow a 420 V, 60 Hz, 4-pole syn-
chronous motor to be used on a 50 Hz supply?
3)
What purpose might be served by a pair of 3-phase synchronous
machines (one of which has 10 polar projections on its rotor and the
other 12) mounted on a bedplate with their shafts coupled together,
but with no shaft projections at their outer ends?
4)
In this chapter it is claimed that the speed of a synchronous motor
supplied at constant frequency is absolutely constant, regardless of
load: it also talks of the rotor falling back with respect to the rotating
Synchronous, Brushless D.C. and Switched Reluctance Drives
363
W
eld as the load on the shaft increases. Since the
W
eld is rotating at a
constant speed, how can the rotor fall back unless its speed is less
than that of the
W
eld?
5)
The book explains that in excited-rotor synchronous machines the
W
eld winding is supplied with d.c. current via sliprings. Given that
the
W
eld winding rotates, why is there no mention of any motional
e.m.f. in the rotor circuit?
6)
A large synchronous motor is running without any load on its
shaft, and it is found that when the d.c. excitation on the rotor is
set to either maximum or minimum, the a.c. current in the stator
is large, but that at an intermediate level the stator current becomes
almost zero. The stator power seems to remain low regardless of the
rotor current. Explain these observations by reference to the equiva-
lent circuit and phasor diagram. Under what conditions does the
motor look like a capacitor when viewed from the supply side?
7)
What e
V
ect would doubling the total e
V
ective inertia have on (a)
the run-up time and (b) the pull-out torque of a mains-fed syn-
chronous motor?
8)
A large synchronous motor is running with a load angle of 40
8
. If
the rotor excitation is adjusted so that the induced e.m.f. is in-
creased by 50%, estimate the new load angle. How would the input
power be expected to change when the excitation was increased?
9)
In a synchronous motor the magnetic
W
eld in the rotor is steady
(apart from the brief periods when the load or excitation changes),
so there will be no danger of eddy currents. Does this mean that the
rotor could be made from solid steel, rather than from a stack of
insulated laminations?
10)
Why do the majority of self-synchronous motors have three stator
phases, rather than say four or
W
ve?
11)
What is the principal di
V
erence between a brushless d.c. motor and
a self-synchronous motor?
12)
Why are the drive circuits for switched-reluctance motors referred
to as ‘unipolar’, and what advantage does a unipolar circuit have
over the more common bipolar?
13)
What is the purpose of the substantial ‘dump’ resistor found in the
drive converter of many of the low-power versions of the drives
described in this chapter? What does the presence of a dump resistor
364
Electric Motors and Drives
imply about the capability of the drive to operate continuously
outside quadrant 1 of the torque–speed plane?
14)
Which of the drive types discussed in this chapter are theoretically
capable of operating in generating mode? What factors determine
whether or not generation is possible in practice?
Synchronous, Brushless D.C. and Switched Reluctance Drives
365
11
MOTOR/DRIVE SELECTION
INTRODUCTION
The selection process often highlights difficulties in three areas. Firstly,
as we have discovered in the preceding chapters, there is a good deal of
overlap between the major types of motor and drive. This makes it
impossible to lay down a set of hard and fast rules to guide the user
straight to the best solution for a particular application. Secondly, users
tend to underestimate the importance of starting with a comprehensive
specification of what they really want, and they seldom realise how
much weight attaches to such things as the steady-state torque–speed
curve, the inertia of the load, the pattern of operation (continuous or
intermittent) and the question of whether or not the drive needs to be
capable of regeneration. And thirdly, they may be unaware of the
existence of standards and legislation, and hence can be baffled by
questions from any potential supplier.
The aim in this chapter is to assist the user by giving these matters an
airing. We begin by drawing together broad guidelines relating to power
and speed ranges for the various types of motor, then move on to the
questions which need to be asked about the load and pattern of oper-
ation, and finally look briefly at the matter of standards. The whole
business of selection is so broad that it really warrants a book to itself,
but the cursory treatment here should at least help the user to specify the
drive rating and arrive at a shortlist of possibilities.
POWER RANGE FOR MOTORS AND DRIVES
The diagrams (Figures 11.1 and 11.2) give a broad indication of the
power range for the most common types of motor and drive. Because
the power scales are logarithmic it would be easy to miss the exception-
ally wide power range of some types of motor: induction and d.c.
motors, for example, extend from watts to megawatts, an astonishing
range that few other inventions can match.
The width of the bands is intended to give some idea of relative
importance, while the shading reflects the fact that there is no sharp
cut-off at the extremities of the range. We should also bear in mind that
we are talking here about the continuously rated maximum power at the
Switched reluctance
Figure 11.1
Continuous power rating for various types of motor
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