supply system, but also call for heavier switchgear than would be needed
to cope with full-load conditions. Unfortunately, for reasons discussed
earlier, the high starting currents are not accompanied by high starting
torques, as we can see from Figure 5.22, which shows current and torque
as functions of slip for a general-purpose cage motor.
We note that the torque per ampere of current drawn from the mains
is typically very low at start up, and only reaches a respectable value in
the normal operating region, i.e. when the slip is small. This matter is
explored further in Chapter 6, and also by means of the equivalent
circuit in Chapter 7.
Stator
voltage
Full-load current
No-load current
Locked-rotor
(
starting
)
current
Figure 5.21
Phasor diagram showing the locus of stator current over the full range of
speeds from no-load (full speed) down to the locked-rotor (starting) condition
N
s
Speed
Torque,%
Current, %
Torque
Full-load speed
Current
100
200
300
100
500
300
0
0
Figure 5.22
Typical torque–speed and current–speed curves for a cage induction motor.
The torque and current axes are scaled so that 100% represents the continuously rated
(full-load) value
Induction Motors – Rotating Field, Slip and Torque
195
induction motor, no matter how large. The problem is that the heavy
current drawn while the motor is running up to speed may cause a large
drop in the supply system voltage, annoying other customers on the
same supply and perhaps taking it outside statutory limits.
It is worthwhile reminding ourselves about the in
X
uence of supply
impedance at this point, as this is at the root of the matter, so we begin
by noting that any supply system, no matter how complicated, can be
modelled by means of the delightfully simple Thevenin equivalent circuit
shown in Figure 6.1. (We here assume a balanced 3-phase operation, so
a 1-phase equivalent circuit will su
Y
ce.)
The supply is represented by an ideal voltage source (
V
s
) in series with
the supply impedance
Z
s
. When no load is connected to the supply, and
the current is zero, the terminal voltage is
V
s
; but as soon as a load is
connected the load current (
I
)
X
owing through the source impedance
results in a volt drop, and the output voltage falls from
V
s
to
V
, where
V
¼
V
s
IZ
s
(6
:
1)
For most industrial supplies the source impedance is predominantly
inductive, so that
Z
s
is simply an inductive reactance,
X
s
. Typical phasor
diagrams relating to a supply with a purely inductive reactance are
shown in Figure 6.2: in (a) the load is also taken to be purely reactive,
while the load current in (b) has the same magnitude as in (a) but the
load is resistive. The output (terminal) voltage in each case is represented
by the phasor labelled
V
.
For the inductive load (a) the current lags the terminal voltage by 90
8
while for the resistive load (b) the current is in phase with the terminal
voltage. In both cases the volt drop across the supply reactance (
IX
s
)
leads the current by 90
8
.
The
W
rst point to note is that, for a given magnitude of load current,
the volt drop is in phase with
V
s
when the load is inductive, whereas with
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