Electric current

Modern developments

Emergence of radio and electronics
During the development of radio, many scientists and inventors contributed to radio technology and electronics. In his classic UHF experiments of 1888, Heinrich Hertz transmitted (via a spark-gap transmitter) and detected radio waves using electrical equipment. In 1895, Tesla was able to detect signals from the transmissions of his New York City lab on Houston Street at West Point (a distance of 80.4 kilometers [km]).^[5]In 1897, Karl Ferdinand Braun introduced the cathode ray tube as part of an oscilloscope, a crucial enabling technology for electronic television.^[6] John Fleming invented the first radio tube, the diode, in 1904. Two years later, Robert von Lieben and Lee De Forest independently developed the amplifier tube, called the triode.^[7]In 1920, Albert Hull developed the magnetron, which eventually led to the development of the microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer. In 1934, the British military began to make strides toward radar (which also uses the magnetron), culminating in the operation of the first radar station at Bawdsey in August 1936.^[8]In 1941, Konrad Zuse presented the Z3, the world's first fully functional and programmable computer. In 1946, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) of John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly followed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic performance of these machines allowed engineers to develop completely new technologies and achieve new objectives, including NASA's Apollo missions and Moon landings.^[9]

Zamonaviy ishlanmalar
Radio va elektronikaning paydo bo'lishi
Radioning rivojlanishi davrida ko'plab olimlar va ixtirochilar radiotexnika va elektronikaga hissa qo'shdilar. 1888 yilgi klassik UHF tajribalarida Geynrix Xertz elektr jihozlari yordamida radioto'lqinlarni uzatdi (uchqun bo'shlig'i uzatuvchisi orqali) va aniqladi. 1895 yilda Tesla Vest-Poyntdagi Xyuston ko'chasidagi (80,4 kilometr [km] masofa) o'zining Nyu-Yorkdagi laboratoriyasining uzatish signallarini aniqlay oldi.[5]1897 yilda Karl Ferdinand Braun katod nurlari trubkasini taqdim etdi. osiloskopning bir qismi bo'lib, elektron televideniye uchun juda muhim texnologiya.[6] Jon Fleming 1904 yilda birinchi radio trubkasi, diodni ixtiro qildi. Ikki yil o'tgach, Robert fon Liben va Li De Forest mustaqil ravishda triod deb ataladigan kuchaytirgich trubkasini ishlab chiqdilar.[7]1920 yilda Albert Xull magnetronni yaratdi va bu oxir-oqibat uni boshqardi. 1946 yilda Persi Spenser tomonidan mikroto'lqinli pechning rivojlanishiga. 1934-yilda ingliz harbiylari radarga (bu magnetrondan ham foydalanadi) qadam tashlay boshladi va 1936-yil avgustida Bawdseydagi birinchi radar stansiyasining ishlashi bilan yakunlandi.[8]1941-yilda Konrad Zuze dunyodagi birinchi Z3 ni taqdim etdi. to'liq ishlaydigan va dasturlashtiriladigan kompyuter. 1946 yilda Jon Presper Ekkert va Jon Mauchlining ENIAC (elektron raqamli integrator va kompyuter) kompyuterlar davrini boshlab berdi. Ushbu mashinalarning arifmetik ishlashi muhandislarga mutlaqo yangi texnologiyalarni ishlab chiqish va yangi maqsadlarga erishish imkonini berdi, jumladan NASAning Apollon missiyalari va Oyga qo'nish.