Electric current

Elektr dvigateli elektr energiyasini kinetik energiyaga aylantiradi. Teskari vazifa, ya'ni kinetik energiyani elektr energiyasiga aylantirish, generator yoki dinamo tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Ko'pgina hollarda ikkita qurilma faqat qo'llanilishi va kichik qurilish tafsilotlari bilan farqlanadi va ba'zi ilovalar ikkala rolni ham to'ldirish uchun bitta qurilmadan foydalanadi. Misol uchun, lokomotivlarda ishlatiladigan tortish motorlari, agar lokomotiv dinamik tormozlar bilan jihozlangan bo'lsa, ko'pincha ikkala vazifani bajaradi.
Aksariyat elektr motorlar elektromagnetizm bilan ishlaydi, ammo elektrostatik kuchlar va piezoelektrik effekt kabi boshqa elektromexanik hodisalarga asoslangan motorlar ham mavjud. Elektromagnit dvigatellarning asosiy printsipi magnit maydon ichida joylashgan har qanday oqim o'tkazuvchi simga mexanik kuchning mavjudligidir. Kuch Lorents kuch qonuni bilan tavsiflanadi va simga ham, magnit maydonga ham perpendikulyar.
Ko'pgina magnit motorlar aylanadigan, lekin chiziqli motorlar ham mavjud. Aylanadigan dvigatelda aylanadigan qism (odatda ichki qismda) rotor deb ataladi va stator deb ataladi. Rotor aylanadi, chunki simlar va magnit maydon rotorning o'qi atrofida aylanish momenti hosil bo'ladigan tarzda joylashtirilgan. Dvigatelda ramkaga o'ralgan elektromagnitlar mavjud. Ushbu ramka ko'pincha armatura deb ataladigan bo'lsa-da, bu atama ko'pincha noto'g'ri qo'llaniladi. To'g'ri, armatura - bu kirish kuchlanishi ta'minlangan dvigatelning bir qismi.

DC (direct current) motors

One of the first electromagnetic rotary motors was invented by Michael Faraday in 1821 and consisted of a free-hanging wire dipping into a pool of mercury. A permanent magnet was placed in the middle of the pool of mercury. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in school physics classes, but brine (salt water) is sometimes used in place of the toxic mercury. This is the simplest form of a class of electric motors called homopolar motors. A later refinement is the Barlow's Wheel.
Another early electric motor design used a reciprocating plunger inside a switched solenoid; conceptually it could be viewed as an electromagnetic version of a two stroke internal combustion engine. Thomas Davenport built a small DC electric motor in 1834, using it to drive a toy train on a circular track. He obtained a patent for it in 1837.
The modern DC motor was invented by accident in 1873, when Zénobe Gramme connected a spinning dynamo to a second similar unit, driving it as a motor. The Gramme machine was the first industrially useful electric motor; earlier inventions were used as toys or laboratory curiosities.

DC (o\zgarmas tok) dvigatellari

Birinchi elektromagnit aylanadigan motorlardan biri 1821 yilda Maykl Faraday tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va simob hovuziga botiriladigan erkin osilgan simdan iborat edi. Simob hovuzining o'rtasiga doimiy magnit qo'yilgan. Sim orqali oqim o'tkazilganda, sim magnit atrofida aylanib, oqim sim atrofida aylana magnit maydonini keltirib chiqarganligini ko'rsatdi. Ushbu vosita ko'pincha maktab fizikasi darslarida namoyish etiladi, lekin ba'zida zaharli simob o'rniga sho'r suv (sho'r suv) ishlatiladi. Bu gomopolyar motorlar deb ataladigan elektr motorlar sinfining eng oddiy shakli. Keyinchalik takomillashtirish Barlow's Wheel.Yana bir erta elektr motor dizayni o'zgartirilgan solenoid ichidagi pistonni ishlatgan; kontseptual jihatdan uni ikki zarbali ichki yonuv dvigatelining elektromagnit versiyasi sifatida ko'rish mumkin. Tomas Davenport 1834 yilda kichik doimiy elektr motorini qurdi va undan o'yinchoq poezdni dumaloq yo'lda haydash uchun ishlatdi. 1837 yilda u patent oldi.
Zamonaviy doimiy to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dvigatel 1873 yilda tasodifan ixtiro qilingan, Zénobe Gramme aylanadigan dinamoni ikkinchi shunga o'xshash blokga ulab, uni dvigatel sifatida boshqargan. Gramme mashinasi sanoat uchun foydali bo'lgan birinchi elektr motor edi; oldingi ixtirolar o'yinchoqlar yoki laboratoriya qiziqishlari sifatida ishlatilgan.