3.2 Effects of TiO
2
-NPs on biological P and COD removal in the last SBR cycle
After exposure for 72 h, the sludge purification performance (SOP and COD) of
the last cycle of the SBR was used to verify the toxic effects of pristine and aged
TiO
2
-NPs with different crystal forms. As shown in Fig. 2, the SOP and COD removal
efficiencies after exposure to NPs at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L were maintained at
97.8–98.4% and 91.1–93.2%, respectively, compared to the control (98.1% and 92.3%,
respectively), illustrating that—regardless of crystal structure or aging—the current
environmental related concentration (0.1 mg/L) of TiO
2
-NPs had no significant effect
on sludge purification function, indicating 0.1 mg/L NPs
did not have toxic stress in
short-term exposure. However, after exposure to 50 mg/L pristine or aged TiO
2
-NPs,
the efficiencies of SOP and COD removal dropped steeply to approximately 42.2–
82.4% (p < 0.05) and 69.8–83.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. These results confirm that
at a concentration of 50 mg/L, TiO
2
-NPs in the influent significantly inhibit P and
COD removal in the SBR system under simulated sunlight.
In term of crystal type, TiO
2
-A inhibited P and COD removal more effectively
than TiO
2
-R because it was more photoactive; the inhibition effects of the two
TiO
2
-NPs were statistically different (p < 0.05). Both aTiO
2
-A and aTiO
2
-R behaved
indifferently (p > 0.05) with regard to inhibition owing to the passivation effects of
aging (Fig. 2B and Fig. 2D), but there were still significant differences (p < 0.05)
between the exposed groups of the aTiO
2
-NPs and the control group in terms of P and
COD removal efficiencies. After exposure to TiO
2
-NPs at a concentration of 50 mg/L,
anaerobic and aerobic P transformation decreased markedly, and COD uptake was
inhibited, especially in the aerobic stage, regardless of aging. The SOP release rates
were higher in the aTiO
2
-NPs than in the pristine TiO
2
-NPs under anaerobic
Journal Pre-proof
16
conditions, and the SOP uptake rates were lower in the pristine TiO
2
-NPs than in the
aTiO
2
-NPs under aerobic conditions, similar to the COD consumption trends in the
anaerobic and aerobic stages (Fig. 2B and Fig. 2D). This suggests that pristine
TiO
2
-NPs always have a stronger ability to inhibit the decontamination capacity of
sludge than aTiO
2
-NPs, regardless of the presence or absence of oxygen. This
contradicts previous reports that NPs are innocuous with regard to microorganisms in
the absence of oxygen (Fang et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016). One possible explanation
for these phenomena is that the stronger photooxidation damage caused by the pristine
TiO
2
-NPs (Fig. 1Bb) during illumination in the aerobic stage continued into the
anaerobic stage and did not recover; aging sealed the active sites on the particle
surfaces and passivated the nano effects during acute (short-term) exposure. However,
the possible explanation for these phenomena in P and COD removal efficiencies
would be revealed in the following sections, including related metabolites and key
enzyme activities, responses and roles of EPS, and functional microbial community
responses etc.
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