Effect of Gasoline Fuel Additives on Combustion and Engine Performance

 

---

169 
References 
[1] R. Schmer, The Motor Gasoline Industry: Past, Present and Future, 
Washington, DC: Energy Information Admisnistration, 1991.
[2] Federal Higway Administration, Highway Statistics 2003, U.S. Department of 
Transportation, 2003.
[3] European 
Commission, 
2014. 
[Online]. 
Available: 
ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/road.htm. 
[4] K. Barnes, W. D. Byfleet, S. King, H. Mach, N. J. Tilling, T. Russell and H. P. 
Sengers, “Fuel Additives and the Environment,” Fuel Additives Group, 2004. 
[5] A. A. Aradi, J. W. Roos, H. M. Scull and M. W. Meffert, “Fuels Compositions 
for Direct Injection Gasoline Engines Containing Manganese Compounds”. 
USA Patent US 7,533,343 B2, 30 June 2009. 
[6] K. Svensson, “Effects of Fuel Molecular Structure and Composition on Soot 
Formation in Direct-Injection Spray Flames,” 2005. 
[7] A. Lefebvre, “The Prediction of Sauter Mean Diameter for Simplex Pressure 
Swirl Atomisers,” 
Atomisation and Spray Technology, 
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 37-51, 
1987.
[8] P. Felton, G. Pan, F. Bracco and L. Yeh, “Additive Effects on Atomization and 
Evaporation of Diesel Fuel Under Engine Conditions,” 1997. 
[9] B. Higgins, D. Siebers and C. Mueller, “Effects of 2-Ethylhexyl Nitrate on 
Diesel-Spray Processes,” 1998. 
[10] B. Higgins, D. Siebers, C. Mueller and A. Aradi, “Effects of an Ignition-
Enhancing, Diesel-Fuel Additive on Diesel-Spray Evaporation, Mixing, 
Ignition, and Combustion,” 
Twenty-Seventh Symposium (International) on 
Combustion/The Combustion Institute, 
pp. 1873-1880, 1998.
[11] W. Colucci, J. Smith and A. Aradi, “Gasoline Compositions Containing 
Ignition Improvers”. USA Patent 5,782,937, 21 July 1998. 
[12] R. da Silva, R. Cataluna, E. W. de Menezes, D. Samios and C. M. Piatnicki, 
“Effect of Additives on the Antiknock Properties and Reid Vapour Pressure of 
Gasoline,” 
Fuel, 
no. 84, pp. 951-959, 2005.
[13] W. H. Stewart Jr., “Carbon in Motor Causes Many Ills,” 
The New York Times, 
10 March 1918.

---

170 
[14] H. Rang and J. Kann, “Advances in Petrol Additive Research,” 
Proceedings of 
the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Chemistry, 
no. 52, pp. 130-142, 2003.
[15] M. Dubeck and J. P. Kleiman, “Emission Control Additive”. New York, USA 
Patent US Patent, 3,434,814, 25 March 1969. 
[16] S. Herbstman, T. E. Hayden, T. Nalesnik and N. Benfaremo, “Gasoline 
Detergent Additive”. New York, USA Patent US Patent, 5,030,249, 9 July 
1991. 
[17] C. B. Campbell, “Deposit Control Additives - Hydroxy Polyether Polyamines”. 
San Fransisco, USA Patent US Patent, 4,527,996, 9 July 1985. 
[18] “Lubricant Additives and the Environment,” 2007. 
[19] R. Lewis and L. Honnen, “Carbamate Deposit Control Additives”. San 
Fransisco, USA Patent US Patent, 4,236,020, 25 November 1980. 
[20] R. Lewis, “Depsoit Control and Dispersant Additives”. San Fransisco, USA 
Patent US Patent, 4,198,306, 15 April 1980. 
[21] M. Schick, Handbook of Detergents, Part E: Applications, volume 141 ed., U. 
Zoller, Ed., CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2009.
[22] J. Galle, S. Verhelst, R. Sierens, L. Goyos, R. Castaneda, M. Verhaege, L. 
Vervaeke and M. Bastiaen, “Failure of Fuel Injectors in a Medium Speed Diesel 
Engine Operating on Bio-Oil,” 
Biomass and Bioenergy, 
no. 40, pp. 27-35, 
2012.
[23] D. J. Smith, “Development of a Test Method to Evaluate Fuel Quality with 
Respect to Injector Fouling in Direct Injection Gasoline Engines,” 2007. 
[24] K. Corkwell, “Additives Keep It Business as Usual with E85,”