Education of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo

Structural typology 
The purpose of structural typology of languages is establishing the 
similarities and differences of languages, which are rooted in the most common 
and most important properties of languages and are not dependent on their 
genetic affinity. Structural typology operates with classes of languages, united by 
those signs that are selected as reflecting the most significant features of 
morphological structure, for example, the method of connecting morphemes. 
Classical morphological types of languages include four linguistic types:
Inflectional languages 
This type includes languages whose forms are formed by external and 
internal inflection. Inflexion is an indicator or ending of a complex of 
grammatical categories expressed in wordforms. Distinguished two types of 
inflexion: internal and external. The first is such a method of inflection, in which 
the forms of a word are formed by changing sounds inside the stem. So, for 
example, Arabian 
qatala - he killed
is divided into 
q-t-I
root and vowels 
a-a-a
9
Иллич-Свитыч В.М. Опыт сравнения ностратических языков. Введение. сравнительный словарь (b - 
K). - М., 1971. - С. 188-189.

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expressing grammatical meanings: 3
rd
person singular past tense, whereas in 
qutila - he was killed
vowels 
u-i-a
indicates 3rd person singular past tense in 
passive voice. The second type of inflection is about using endings after the root
expressing different grammatical meanings, for example, Russian 
поле - field, 
поля - fields, полей - of fields
, etc.
The presence of external and internal inflection is an important stable sign 
of languages. Other such signs are: the multifunctionality of grammatical 
morphemes, the presence of fusion, phonetically unreasonable root changes, a 
large number of phonetically and semantically unmotivated types of declination 
and conjugation. Indo-European, Semitic-Hamitic languages belong to the 
inflective type; they also have signs of agglutinative languages. Inflective 
languages include languages that occupy a different place in the genealogical 
classification. Morphological typology does not take into account kinship. Its 
classification criterion is the form of the word change and the relationship of the 
word and sentence. The presence of affixes is also characteristic of agglutinative 
languages, but in these two morphological types of languages external flexion has 
significant differences. Flexion in inflected languages has the following features: 
1) Morphological homonymy.
morpheme 
-e
in German: a) is ending of first person singular verb in Present tense 
(
Ich
lerne – I learn
); c) is added to the present or past verb stem to create a 
feminine noun (
haben/die Habe – to have/ belongings
); d) is ending of adjectives 
for feminine nouns in singular (
gute Mutter – a good mother
).
2) The synthetic nature of affixes is combination of several different values 
in one morpheme. In other words affixes of inflected languages are polysemantic 
(personal endings of verbs in German, for example, in the verb 
machst
- he does
the ending -
st
is one morpheme, combines 2 grammatical meanings: a) a second 
person; 2) in singular; in Russian 
иду
-
I am coming
the ending 
-у
indicates 3

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grammatical meanings: 1) first person; 2) singular; 3) present tense; 4) indicative 
mood;).
3) Another sign of inflection is the expression of one grammatical meaning 
in different forms, it means, morphemes sometimes can be synonyms (the 
expression of plural number in German occurs using three suffixes and inner 
inflection - umlaut: 
Nächte (nights), Häuser (houses), Menschen (people), 
so as 
in English, external inflexion:
books,
inner inflection: 
men, 
and 
children 
is a rare 
exception, where to indicate the number both external and internal inflexions are 
used).
Inflectional languages are characterized by internal inflection. For instant, 
alternating consonants in the root: in German 
schneiden - schnitt - geschnitten
(cut-cut-cut)
; spontaneous alternation of vowels in the root: in Russian 
день-дня-
днём (day-day`s-in the daytime)
or historically explained sound alternation: in 
English 
goose - geese, 
in German (umlaut): 
Baum - Bäume
(tree-trees)
.