EdData II: Data for Education Research and Programming (derp) in Africa



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Toolkit Planning for Language Use in Education Global 08 2015

 foreign language 
is a language that is not spoken in a person’s immediate environment, and to 
which they would not have exposure through familiar media. Former colonial languages in many 
African countries (English, French and Portuguese) are often foreign languages to a large 
proportion of the population, particularly those in rural areas.
Language of instruction (LOI)
refers to the language used to teach the curriculum. Teachers 
may use more than one LOI intentionally throughout the day as part of a bilingual or multilingual 
program. This term is used interchangeably in most literature with 
medium of instruction (MOI)

the term LOI is used in this report for consistency.
Mother tongue-based multilingual education
(MTB-MLE)
is a systematic approach to 
learning that emphasizes the use of learners’ L1 to teach literacy, curricular subjects, and other 
languages. Additional languages (L2 or Lx) are gradually integrated into teaching and learning 
through a planned and careful approach. MTB-MLE emphasizes the use of the L1 as both a 
medium and a subject of instruction in order to build a strong cognitive foundation that will 
support the learning and use of additional languages. 
Orthography 
is the rules of the representation of the sounds of a language through written 
symbols, or the rules of the writing system. An alphabet is an example of an orthography. 
Transparent
, or shallow, orthographies are writing systems where sound-symbol correspondence 
is consistent; for example, the character “b” always represents the same sound in the language. 



Most African languages are written in transparent orthographies, while English, French, and 
Portuguese have less transparent orthographies. In orthographies that are opaque, or deep, one 
sound may be represented by more than one letter, or one letter may have more than one sound 
(or both). If good instruction is provided, reading acquisition tends to take less time for 
orthographies that are transparent.
Transfer—
specifically,
 interlinguistic transfer—
is the cognitive process of applying literacy and 
other skills from one language into another. Such skills include visual awareness, phonemic 
awareness, and automaticity (Bialystok, 2006; Geva, 2006). Transfer is multi-directional, but the 
most efficient direction is from the L1 to an additional language (Bialystok, 1991, 2011). 




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