1
А.Г. Максумов.
Артикуляционные, акустические, перцептивные и фонологиче
ские характеристики английских носовых сонантов (в сопоставлении с узбек
ским). Автореферат канд. дисс., М., 1972, с. 24.
2
5.
P it Corder.
Introducing Applied Linguistics. Penguin Books ltd, 1977 p. 220.
Probably, statistic analysis are made from «The Concise Oxford Dictionary» The table
is borrowed with some changes by the author.
S.
Pit Corder pointed out that oppositions are very important
in language learning for practical reasons while the principle of
relative frequency is the right criterion for the selection of lexical
material in the syllabus1.
(1) On the basis of the relationship between oppositions in
the entire system of oppositions we distinguish:
a)
bilateral-
m ultilateral and
b)
proportional-isolated types of opposition.
For example, the following oppositions between the English con
sonant phonemes
are bilateral
(«одномерные»,
«bir -
o’lchovli»): (p - b/, /t —
d/, /к —
g/, /s —
z/, /J - 3/, /tj - d3/, /b - m/,
/d - n/, /g - q/, /f —
v/, /s —
J/, /z —
3/, /t - tj/, /d - d3/, /r - 1/. The
multilateral oppositions are: /b - d - g/, /p - t - к/, /m - n - q/, /к
- g - h/ etc. Among these oppositions /p -b/, /t - d/, /s - z/, /j - 3/,
/f - v/, /tj - d3/, /0 - 5/, /k - g/ are proportional because the rela
tionship between these oppositions is equal: /p — b/ = /t —
d/ etc.
may be distinguished by one feature.
The opposition /г - 1/ is isolated as no other oppositions of
this kind may be found in the system of the English consonant
phonemes, /г - 1/ is distinguished by the medial sonant - lateral
sonant.
(2) On the basis of the relationship between the opposition
members the following types are distinguished:
a) the privative oppositions, when one member of opposi
tion is characterized by the presence (marked) and the other - by
the absence of feature (unmarked) as voiced - voiceless, oral-
nasal etc.
The oppositions /р -
Ы,
/t - d/, /s —
z/, /j - 3/, /tj - d3/, /f - v/, /к
- g/, /0 - 3/, and also /m - b/, /n - d/, /т| - g/, /м - w/, /n - 1/, /n - r/ are
privative;
b)the gradual opposition, the members of which are char
acterized by different levels of gradation, may be formed be
tween /р - к/ in which a localization level /t/ is omitted, also /b
- g/ through /d/ /m - r|/ through /n/, /t —
h/ through /к/;
c)the equipollent opposition, when the members are
equal from the logical point of view and there is no gradation
level in it: /p —
t/, /b —
d/, /f —
s/, /f - 0/, /v - 3/, /v - z/, /г - 1/, /J
- tj/, /3 - d3/, /t - k/, /p - f/, /b - v/, /t - 0/, /d - 3/, /k - h/, /b -
d/, /t - d/, /d - g/.
As we can notice from the given classification1 different
names and terms are given to one and the same opposition. For
example,
fb
- d/, /t - d/, /d - g/ are bilateral, proportional and
equipollent, whereas the opposition /г - 1/ is bilateral, isolated,
equipollent. Therefore, this principle is complex and not suitable
in all cases. B. Tmka attempted to simplify this principle and ap
plied it to English. He distinguished two principal types of oppo
sition:
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