E. A. Abdalina, R. J. Hoshimova

XII. Inglizcha gapirib bering:
1. Xisob qachon paydo bo`lgan?
2. Birinchi xisoblash mashinasini kim va qachon ixtiro etgan?
3. Xisoblash mashinasining rivojlanishi.


XIII. Dialogdan
bo`lib o`qib, o`zaro savollarga javob bering:

A. Do you know the derivation of the word "calculate?"
B. Yes, I do. It derived from the Latin "calculus" which means a small stone.

A. What were stones used for?

B. Stones were used for counting herds, lands and later money. B. Quite so, but the first calculating machines were primitive devices for the ordinary arithmetic opera­tions and were called abacus.

A. So, those stones were the first prototype of our calcu­lating machines, weren't they?

B. Of course, I do. The first inventor was B. Pascal and later it was designed and completed by Leib­niz.
A. But, nowadays almost everybody has a pocket cal­culating machine and can use it, but not everybody can call the inventor of this machine. Do you know who was the first inventor?

A, This invention was the beginning of a rapid progress, and what about the further development?

B. The further development was characterized by the invention of a machine with ellectromagnetic relays, and then it was invented transistor that permited to make complex operations with great speed.

Text V


XIV. Matnni o’qing va tarjima qiling:


DIGITAL AND ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS

A digital computer is a device for performing mathematical operations with numbers expressed in the form of digits. Such devices stem from abacus. The modern electronic digital computer is, of course, the most highly developed and useful. Device in comparison with Pascal's and Leibnitz's.

The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator completed in 1946 represented a considerable advance in computing building technology, since it was entirely electronic in its internal operation.
The first theoretical advance of computer design resulted from the work of John von Neumann. Neumann studied the logical design of computing machines and gave a machine the ability to change and modify its instructions. Large-scale computers are made of internal memories that may contain 10-12 million "cores", each capable of storing one unit of information. The modern machine is more often called a computing system.
An electronic computer is a device that can not only accept information, store it, process it, and present the results of the processing in some acceptable form but to process the information by instructions which are stored in coded form inside the computer. The coded instructions are called a program. We therefore speak of a computer as an internally stores program device.
Any computer or calculator contains for five main functions: input, storage, arithmetic control, and output. The whole range of operations from input of data to output of results is called "Data processing". Data processing involve files of some type. File information may be recorded with the help of paper forms, perforated paper tape, punched cards, photographic film, magnetic tape, and magnetic disc.