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10.
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Pure DT
Уставные нормы (Lingvo Economics)
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Ustavnye normy
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L.t.: charter standards
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Ruscorpora: N.c. 9 doc.
За неисполнение уставных норм лиги исключены «Кавказтрансгаз» (Изобильный),
«Жемчужина» (Буденновск) и «Балтика-Тарко» (Калининград) (Vtoroj divizion vyhodit na pole bez jelistinskogo «Uralana», 2003. Ruscorpora)
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RECOMMENDED TRANSLATION: Pure DT
Внутренние документы (компании) Vnutrennie dokumenty (kompanii) L.t.: internal documents (of a company)
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The current English term by-laws nowadays presents an interesting case because it is motivated etymologically yet corresponds to the morphological rules of modern language (the component “by” may be perceived as a preposition, not causing any inconvenience for practical use).
The transfer from the English term to the Russian one can potentially lead to a number of losses and/or sacrifices. First of all, in theory we can preserve term conciseness by implementing the short form to the Russian term: устав (ustav), etc. Nevertheless, such a term has a more precise meaning: a charter. Secondly, we can try to translate a term using transliteration or transcription, but in this case, we are faced with a strange form in Russian and clarity is lost: бай-ло(с). In this respect, we can say that Calque (or Loan Translation) should be removed completely in this case. There is no single morphological structure in Russian which will potentially correspond to the English one. DT seems to be the only relevant method in this situation:
by-laws: внутренние документы, правила и положения компании (vnutrinnie documenty, pravila i polozhenija kompanii; L.t.: the private documents, rules and regulations of a company) (IFC); уставные нормы (корпорации); устав (корпорации); подзаконный акт; постановление органа местной власти; автономные правила (ustavnye normy (korporacii), ustav (korporacii), podzakonnyj akt, postanovlenie organa mestnoj vlasti, avtonomnye pravila; L.t.: authorized norms (of a corporation), a charter (of a corporation), a subordinate regulatory act, an administrative bill, autonomous rules) (Lingvo).
Futhermore, we also face a problem with the usage of parts of the terms in different codified resources and consequently in translations, manuals and business affairs related to the field.
In Russian term components are made explicit with the help of enumeration. Accordingly, the requirements of conciseness and accuracy are not fulfilled. The following definitions of the term highlight all the term components used in the Russian form, e.g. “rule”, “organization”, “internal” : “a rule adopted by an organization chiefly for the government of its members and the regulation of its affairs” (Merriam-Webster); “by-laws are internal documents, a set of rules that enables each organization to conduct its affairs” (Srinivas, 2014). Nevertheless, descriptiveness in this case is only partial, because the Russian term is explicit to a limited extent. This makes it different from the definition of the English term.
As a result, term conciseness - one of the most important term formation requirements - sometimes contradicts another term formation restriction – term transparency, which supports clear content and form of a term.
The form of the term внутренние документы, правила и положения компании is unstable and not fixed. There are different variations of the term in different contexts in Russian. Generalization can be used as an alternative method, e.g положения (polozhenija: regulations) or внутренние документы (vnutrennie documenty: internal documents) or внутренние документы общества (Ruscorpora) (vnutrennie dokumenty obshhestva: internal documents of a company) (see the table 3):
“the company has developed and follows by-laws regulating the activities and working procedures of the corporate bodies…” (IFC-RCGP).
“В обществе приняты положения, регулирующие деятельность и порядок работы корпоративных органов … (IFC- RCGP (Russian)); кстати, собрание обновило ряд внутренних документов акционерного общества, в том числе его устав” (Nikolaev, 2002. Ruscorpora) (L.t.: a number of internal documents of a joint-stock company)
This alternative has a more general meaning and its use can be justified if the context restricts the meaning of the term. The advantage of the term form is in its conciseness. In dictionaries the following forms of the term can be found: уставные нормы, устав etc. (Lingvo) (ustavnye normy, ustav, L.t.: charter regulations, charter) etc. (see table 3). This proves that different term forms can be used in Russian.
As far as DT is concerned, not only can enumeration be used in different contexts, but also in constructions which comprise additional descriptive elements and participial constructions. The following equivalent of DT is provided in the dictionaries: постановление органа местной власти (Lingvo) (postanovlenie organa mestnoj vlasti, L.t.: an order of local authority). The use of the term form is irrelevant if compared to the term forms seen above, because the concrete term components can easily be omitted.
Some contexts contain even more expanded descriptive forms: a copy of the constitution and/or by-laws of an organization: копия устава и/или нормативных документов, регулирующих деятельность организации (ECOSOC) (L.t.: a copy of a charter and/or normative documents regulating the activity of an organization):
“согласно соглашению, банк обязан подтвердить получение копий документов, где расписаны права и обязанности члена Visa, и инструкции для пользователей ее услугами – By-Laws and Operating regulation of owner” (Barsukova, 2004. Ruscorpora) (L.t.: according to the agreement the bank should confirm that the copies of the documents, describing the rights and obligations of Visa members and instructions for the service users, were received).
The aim of descriptive forms is to make the content of the English term clear and transparent; however, the use of these terms is undesirable because it makes the term form specific for a certain context and difficult to use in other contexts. According to the Russian equivalents used
in Ruscorpora, the short term forms are the most frequent in their use, although they make reference to a specific context: внутренние документы (компании, общества) (vnutrennije documenty kompanii, obsshestva; L.t.: internal documents (of a company, society)). The term form внутренние документы is used in as many as 119 Ruscorpora documents, although with different meanings when regarding a company, or a society. For this reason, the following descriptive translation can be recommended as the most relevant for the English term by-laws: внутренние документы (vnutrennije documenty; L.t.: internal documents).
Pure DT. Figurative Meaning
Content-oriented DT is similar to definitions, providing enough information to understand the meaning of a term. In most cases, the DT within this category corresponds to figuratively motivated source terms, created with the help of semantic transfer. The term dead hand illustrates this case.
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